


I Mi 

i 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

Cli;r,>. ::t Copxriglit iS'o. 



STATES OF AMERICA. 



STORIES OF PIOxNEER LIFE 



FOR YOUNG READERS 



BY 



y 



FLORENCE BASS 

AUTHOR OF "THE BEGINNER'S READER," "STORIES OF PLANT 
LIFE," AND "STORIES OF ANIMAL LIFE" 



BOSTON, U.S.A. 

D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS 

1900 



84040 



[ US— [ 
W€0 



Library of Gona 
Two C0P5€S Recewco 

DEC 4: 1900 

Copyright «alnr 

S£CO«0 COPY 
Minml to 

ORDER OIVISIOH 

nfn iniun.. I 



.3 
.03 



Copyright, 1900, 
By D. C. Heath & Co. 



TO 

WHOSE MANY STORIES OF EARLY TIMES HAVE ALWAYS 

AROUSED MY CHILDISH AS WELL AS MY 

MATURE INTEREST 

THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED 



TO THE CHILDREN 

Dear Little Friends : 

Here is a book of stories 
about real people and what actually happened 
not so very long ago. Indeed, many people are 
still living who saw things like these of which 
I tell you. 

I hope that these stories will help you to look 
with respect upon aged people. Even if they 
have not had such trials as I have described, 
their lives have in some way helped to make 
your life pleasant. 

You know that Longfellow says: — 

" Lives of great men all remind us 
We can make our lives sublime. 
And, departing, leave behind us 
Footprints on the sands of time." 

This does not mean only those great men whom 
all the world knows. There have been many 
great men and women whose names even are 



vi To the Children 

not known. They have just as truly left their 
*' footprints on the sands of time " as if we could 
tell who they were. 

Look at this beautiful country of ours, with its 
rich farms, its good roads, and its fine cities and 
towns with their pleasant homes. Think of its 
safety from Indians and wild beasts, of its many 
churches and schools, and of its bright flag of 
freedom. All these are the footprints of the 
brave pioneers who lived before us. 

I am sure that such things make us feel as if 
we should like to live noble lives, and leave 
worthy footprints to guide those who follow us. 

Your sincere friend, 

FLORENCE BASS. 



CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER 

I. Our Land — Present and Past . 

Introduction. Indian children. Indian women. In 
dian men. Hunting. 

II. The Coming of the White Man . 

Indians and the white man. Indians and guns 
Indians and horses. Change in the Indians. 



PAGE 

I 



13 



21 



III. Marquette, Missionary 

Preparing for the journey. Among the strange Ind 
ians. Down the Mississippi River. Marquette's last 
trip. 

IV. Hunters 29 

Camps. Weapons. Game. 

V. Daniel Boone 33 

First visit to Kentucky. Attempt to remove his fam- 
ily. Building the fort. Capture of the children. 
Finding the children. Boone's capture. His escape. 
His later days. 

VI. Flat-boats 4^ 

An old man's story. Another Indian story. 

VII. Blockhouses and Forts 5^ 

A pioneer's story. 



viii Contents. 

CHAPTER PAGE 

VIII. Down the Ohio — Marietta 54 

The second Mayflower. Mounds in Ohio. The new 
home. Story of Isaac Williams. Story of Lockhart. 
Story of Josiah Hunt. Story of Captain Wells. Peace 
with the Indians. 

IX. Story of Frances Slocum 69 

The lost girl. Her life among the Indians. Her 
discovery. 

X. Abraham Lincoln 79 

His first home. His life in Kentucky. Removal to 
Indiana. A new home. A better home. Lincoln at 
school. Lincoln a young man. 

XI. An Old Settler's Story 91 

Lost in the woods. 

XII. A Story of Early Times 95 

Leaving the old home. Indians. The winter. The 
founding of Indianapolis. 

XIII. Grandfather's Story 103 

The trip down the river. The new home. The flood. 
Food. Clearing the land and raising corn. After the 
harvest. Schools. Clothing. Lack of conveniences. 
Money. Pioneer preachers. Mails. Difficulties of 
trade. Roads. New settlers. Stages. Cars. Tele- 
graph. 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



A Country Scene Frontispiece 

PAGE 

"Waving at the Train I 

Indian Baby 3 

Indian Bow and Arrows 4 

Indian Women at Work 5 

Carrying the Wigwam 6 

Indian Warriors 7 

Indian Peace-pipe .......... 8 

Indian Letter on Birch Bark 9 

Indian Weapons .......... 10 

Indian with Snowshoes 1 1 

" Some great under-water animal must have done it " . . -14 

An Old-fashioned Gun 15 

Knives and Axes 17 

Riding to the Indians' Camp 18 

Statue of Marquette 21 

Birch-bark Canoes 22 

On Lake Michigan 23 

Carrying the Boats 26 

A Hunter's Camp 29 

A Hunter with his Weapons 30 

Buffaloes on the Plain 31 

Daniel Boone 33 

Cane Brake 35 

Daniel Boone's Fort . . 37 

Animals at a Salt Lick 41 

Boone's Tobacco-drying Shed 44 

A Flat-boat 46 

A Blockhouse 51 

Elephant Mound 56 

Mounds near Marietta ... 57 

ix 



X Illustrations. 

PAGE 

Campus Martius . . • 5^ 

Tall Corn 59 

Nettle 60 

The Indian behind the Tree 62 

Hunter reloading his Gun 64 

Indians going West 67 

" He threw Frances across his shoulder " 70 

Frances Slocum 75 

Lincoln's P'irst Home 80 

Half-faced Camp 8;^ 

Lincoln's Indiana Home . .84 

A Home-made Bed 85 

Cotton 86 

Flax 86 

A Curious Slate 88 

Abraham Lincoln 90 

Driving Sheep 92 

" I did not look back "......... 97 

Grandfather's Log Cabin ......... 99 

On the Sand Bar 104 

The Street Full of Stumps 105 

The Old Fireplace 107 

Pounding the Corn . 108 

Father working Late no 

A Scarecrow 112 

Making Cob Houses 114 

Going to the Mill 115 

Fanning away the Chaff , . . . . . . . .116 

The Blazed Path through the Woods . . . 1 . . • ^^7 

The Best Hiding Place 121 

Shearing Sheep .122 

Coonskin 126 

A Fip -^ worth 6| cents 127 

A Bit — worth I2|- cents . . . 127 

A Travelling Preacher 128 

Carrying the Mails 130 

Towing Canal Boats 131 

An Old-fashioned Train of Cars 13^ 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



y'i^c 



Our Land — Present and Past, 



I. INTRODUCTION. 



Boys and girls, do you not often ride through 
the country on the cars ? You Hke to go ghding 
along many miles in a few minutes ! 




WAVING AT THE TRAIN. 



It is pleasant to look out from the car window 
a': the beautiful fields, meadows, and woods ! You 
like to watch the horses, sheep, and cows run 
away as the train goes rushing by 1 



2 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

Sometimes children come out of the farm- 
houses and wave at the cars. You are sorry for 
them because they are not riding on the cars, also ! 

When the train stops at the little towns and 
the large noisy cities, you enjoy watching the 
people, who get on and off the train. You won- 
der where they live and where they are going. 

I am sure that our country seems very beauti- 
ful and interesting to you. Did you* ever think 
that it did not always look as it does now ? Less 
than one hundred fifty years ago the central part 
of it was a wilderness. 

No one could have seen the country then from 
a car window. There were no cars, no railroads, 
no good roads of any kind. There were no farms, 
no towns, no houses even, such as we now see. 
No white people lived in this region. 

There were great forests, beautiful rivers, and 
wide prairies. There were many wild animals, 
such as deer, bears, and buffaloes. Here, too, 
lived the Indians, who were almost as wild as the 
animals. 

II. INDIAN CHILDREN. 

If we could have gone into the forest then, we 
might have found other babies in the trees be- 
sides those of the squirrels and birds. Often an 



Our Land — Present and Past. 



Indian baby in his 
queer cradle would 
swing from the branch 
of a tree. His cradle 
was a board covered 
with skins, dried moss, 
or grass. Till he was 
two years old, the Ind- 
ian baby spent most 
of his time tied to this 
board. 

He was carried about 
on his mother's back 
or hung up away from 
harm as she worked. 
It was of no use for 
him to cry. The first 
lesson that he had to 
learn was to bear dis- 
comfort. He learned 
this lesson well, for 
after a while he would 
bear any pain without 
a cry. He would go 
hungry for days with- 
out complaining. 

His first plaything 




INDIAN BABY, 



4 Stones of Pioneer Life. 

was a bow and arrow, with which he soon learned 
to shoot well. It was a proud day for the Indian 
boy when he was able to kill a deer. 




INDIAN BUW AND ARROWS. 



He learned to fish and to swim while he was 
only a tiny boy. And so he grew up, learning 
to hunt, to fight, and to fear no pain or danger. 

The little Indian girls learned different lessons. 
As soon as they were able to walk, they began to 
help their mothers in their work. 

III. INDIAN WOMEN. 

Instead of the pleasant towns which we see 
now, there were then only Indian villages. In 
place of the good houses that men now build, were 
wigwams, or tents, made by the Indian women. 

They set a number of long poles in the ground 
in a circle and made them meet at the top. 
These were covered with skins, or rushes, or the 
bark of trees. 

In the centre of the wigwam a little pit was 
dug for a fire. A hole was left at the top for the 



Our Land — Present and Past. 



5 



smoke to go out. Of course, much of it stayed 
inside and made the wigwam a smoky, unpleas- 
ant place. 

There were no tables, beds, or chairs, and no 
floor but the bare earth. Skins of animals served 
for seats or beds. 




INDIAN WOMEN AT WORK. 



The Indians did not stay in their wigwams as 
we do in our houses. They lived out of doors 
most of the time. The forest was their home. 

Often a whole Indian village would be moved. 
Then the Indian women pulled up the wigwams, 
carried the poles and covering to the new camp- 
ing place, and set them up again. 

The Indian woman planted and tended the 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



little patches of beans, corn, and melons. Of 
course she did all the cooking. She knew how- 
to bake before the fire a rough kind of cornbread, 
and how to cook corn and beans. 




'^h)^i^^^ 



CARRYING THE WIGWAM. 



She could make soup in a wooden kettle. She 
did this by heating stones very hot and dropping 
them into the soup. When these were cool, they 
were taken out and more hot ones put in. This 



Our Land — Present and Past. 7 

was done over and over till the meat and soup 
were cooked. Besides all this the Indian woman 
had to prepare the skins of animals for clothing 
and then make the clothing. 

Do you not think that she had much hard 
work to do ? Yet she did not wish the Indian 
man to help her. She thought such work not fit 
for him. 

IV. INDIAN MEN. 




INDIAN WARRIORS. 



Such men as these lived in our country in the 
early times. How different they look from the 
men we see here now ! 

Think of the work that you see men doing 
now, — farming, building, buying and selling, mak- 



8 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

ing beautiful and useful things of all kinds. The 
Indians cared for none of these. Their chief 
delight was to fight. They were often bitter 
enemies to Indians of another tribe, and fought 
very cruelly. When an Indian killed an enemy, 
he took his scalp. This means that he cut off 
a little piece of the skin with the hair just at the 
crown of his head. 

The Indian that had taken the most scalps 
was thought to be the bravest of all. Sometimes 
Indians took their enemies captive and treated 
them very cruelly. But a brave Indian would 
show no sign of pain. 




INDIAN PEACE-PIPE. 



When Indians made peace with their enemies, 
they smoked the peace-pipe together. Offering 
the peace-pipe was always a sign of friendship. 

Sometimes Indians who had gone to war 
wished to send a message to their friends very 
quickly. We might think that they had a queer 
way of telegraphing. They found a high place 



Our Land — Present and Past. 



that could be seen far away, and here they 
built a little fire of something that made a big 
smoke. 

One column of smoke meant the success of a 
war party. Little columns near by told how 
many scalps were taken. Sometimes the fire was 
smothered and then allowed to go up in puffs. 
In that way some other message was sent. 




J-JJJJJrJ^ 



X 




^ 5^32 



A% Hn^^ 




INDIAN LETTER ON BIRCH BARK. 



Once an Indian wrote a letter like this. It 
was written on birch bark and stuck into a pole 
which was set slanting in the ground. The pole 
pointed in the direction in which the party had 
gone. Three notches were cut in it to show that 
the party would travel for three days. 

The letter itself tells of their three camp-fires 
of the night before, and of the prairie hen and 



lO 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



turtle that they had cooked. The men without 

hats are Indian guides, and the others are white 

men. 

Would not that seem to us a queer way to 

write a letter.? Sometimes such writing was put 

upon rocks or skins of ani- 
mals. An Indian wrote a 
kind of history in this way. 
A picture was made to 
show something that hap- 
pened each year. 

I am sure that we should 
not like such books and 
letters so well as we do 
our own. 

V. HUNTING. 

Indians spent much time 
in fishing and hunting. 
They did not hunt for sport, 
but because they needed 
the animals for food and 
their skins for clothing. It 
was sometimes hard to se- 
cure the game, for before the white man came 
the Indians had only clubs and bows and arrows 
to use in hunting. 




INDIAN WEAPONS. 



Our Land — Present and Past. 



II 



In winter the Indian sometimes wore snow- 
shoes when he went hunting. These held him 
up on the soft snow so that 
he could run many miles in 
a day. He could easily bring 
down a deer, for it could not 
run so fast, as its feet sank 
into the snow. 

When the Indians could 
not catch game or fish, 
there were often days when 
they had very little to eat. 
They did not know how to 
keep food, and to provide 
for all times, as we do. 

You see why the Indians 
roamed about. They could not always find game 
in one place. They must go where it could be 
found. 

No one Indian owned a certain amount of the 
land as your fathers do. A great part of the 
country belonged to a tribe of Indians, and they 
roamed over it as they pleased. No one could buy 
or sell any of it, but all might hunt or camp on it. 

Some parts of the country seemed to belong to 
no one tribe. As many different tribes hunted 
there, bloody battles were often fought 




INDIAN WITH SNOW-SHOES. 



12 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

You can see why the Indians did not want the 
white man to come into this country to live. 

The white man took the land for his own. 
The game was soon killed off, and the Indian lost 
his hunting ground. 



The Coming of the White Man. 

I. INDIANS AND THE WHITE MAN. 

Do you wonder how the Indians felt when 
they first saw white men ? Here is a story tell- 
ing of some Indians who had never before seen 
or heard of a white man. 

Several Indians were one day going through 
the woods, when they came to some trees that 
were cut in a strange way. At first they thought 
it must be the work of beavers, but they saw that 
this could not be so, for the chips were too large. 

A beaver could not open his mouth wide 
enough to cut such big chips. At last they said, 
" Some great under-water animal must have done 
it." 

They saw a place where a tree trunk had been 
cut down and dragged away. They followed this 
path or trail, and soon found footprints of an 
animal. The footprints did not seem to them 
like those of men, for there was a deep place at 
the heel. The Indians did not know that these 

13 



14 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



prints had been made by shoes with heels, for 
they had never heard of such things. 




"SOME GREAT UNDER-WATER ANIMAL MUST HAVE DONE IT." 

Soon they looked through the brush and saw 
the animals at work. At first the Indians thought 
that they were bears, but as they came a little 
nearer, they thought that perhaps the workers 
might be men. Yet they had hairy faces — a 
great deal of hair hanging down from their chins. 

The Indians hid behind the trees and watched 
them. Some of the white men were piling up 
logs while others were picking up sticks. 

The Indians w^ere afraid to come nearer. One 
of the oldest of them said : " Perhaps they will 



The Coming of the White Man. 15 

smell us or feel us here. Perhaps they will kill 
us. Let us go away." So they went back to 
their camp. 

They said: " We saw some queer water animals 
that looked much like people. They had white 
faces with much hair on them. Some had red 
bodies and some were black." 

The Indians did not know that it was the 
men's clothing that was red and black. 




AN OLD-FASHIONED GUN 



II. INDIANS AND GUNS. 

Many Indians were then eager to see these 
strange animals. So they went carefully through 
the woods and found them still at work. One 
Indian said : " I will go f^rst alone. If they try to 
hurt me, you must all rush out and we will fight 

them." 

Soon the Indian came up to one of the white 
men, who looked straight into his face and 
stretched out his arm. The Indian did not know 
that he wanted to shake hands. 

Then more of the white-faced creatures came 
up and the Indian saw that they were men. The 



1 6 Stones of Pioneer Life. 

white people made motions for the Indians to 
come into their house ; but the Indians did not 
understand, or were afraid to go. 

At last, some of them dared to follow the white 
men. When they came back they told the others 
what strange things they had seen. A white 
man showed them a queer-looking stick. He 
poured some black sand into his hand and then 
into a hole in this stick. He took a round thing 
out of a bag and put this also into the stick. 

The Indians watched him very closely. The 
white man began to make strange signs to the 
Indians; but they did not understand. He made 
a loud noise with his mouth and pointed to the 
stick. 

He put his finger on the under part of it and 
motioned for the Indians to do the same. One 
of the Indians did so and there was a terrible 
crash. 

The Indians were very much frightened for 
they had never seen or heard a gun before. 
They were not long in learning the power of 
this queer stick. 

The white men showed them their knives and 
axes, and how to use them. The Indians were 
surprised to see how quickly a white man cut a 
log in two with a big axe. They wanted guns, 



The Coming of the White Man. 



17 



knives, and axes themselves. They soon found 
that the white men would give them these things 
in exchano^e for skins of animals. 




KNIVES AND AXES. 



III. INDIANS AND HORSES. 

Once a man was in camp near an unfriendly 
tribe of Indians. He had not been able to kill 
any game for some time, and so he had no food. 
At last he decided to ride into the Indians' camp 
and offer to exchange his horse for food. 

This tribe of Indians had never seen horses. 
As the man came riding in, an old chief said: 
" Here is something very strange. I have heard 
of many wonderful things; but I have never 
heard of anything like this. This thing must 
have come from the sun or out of the earth. Do 
not say anything to it. Be still and wait. If we 
try to hurt it, perhaps it will go into that hill 
again." 



i8 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



At first the Indians were very much frightened, 
but as it came nearer they saw that it was a man 
riding a strange animal. 

The man patted the horse's neck, and made 
signs to show that he was friendly. At last he 
made the Indians understand that he had been 
without food for a long time, and would give 




RIDING TO THE INDIANS' CAMP. 



them the horse for some buffalo meat. Then 
they gladly gave him food in exchange for his 
horse. 

When the Indians first got horses, they did 
not know what to feed them. They would 
offer them pieces of dried meat. The horses 
would turn away, put down their heads and eat 
grass. 



The Coming of the White Man. 19 

Very soon the Indians began to have horses of 
their own. One Indian owned so many that he 
was named " Many Horses." 



IV. CHANGE IN THE INDIANS. 

It is easy to see how the Indian changed 
after white men came. He soon got guns and 
knives and horses from them. Then he could 
kill game more easily and travel much faster and 
farther. 

The white men gave him another thing of 
which I am sorry to tell you. That was rum. 
The Indian called it " fire water," which is a good 
name for it. He soon became very fond of it. 
He would give almost anything for the " fire 
water" of the white man. Yet what a wicked 
and cruel man it made of him ! 

When white men first came over the sea into 
our country, most of the Indians were friendly 
with them. They thought that the white men 
came from the sky. 

It is hard to tell whether Indians or white 
men did the first wrong; but it is certain that 
in many places they both did very many cruel 
things. 

The Indians captured or killed the white 



20 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

people in the most dreadful way. They soon 
began to think all white people were their ene- 
mies, as they came farther and farther into the 
country and drove the red men from their hunt- 
ing ground. 



Marquette. 



I. PREPARING FOR THE JOURNEY. 



I AM sure that all boys and 
girls know what a missionary 
is. You know that he goes 
to teach people about the 
Bible, and how to live better 
lives. You have often oriven 
your pennies to help send 
a missionary to some far-off 
country. You think of those 
countries as far away in an- 
other part of the world. 

Would it not seem strano^e 
to think of missionaries com- 
ing to our own beautiful 
country ? Yet missionaries 
were among the very first 
white people to come into the middle part of the 
United States. 

Marquette was a good missionary, who left his 
pleasant home in France and came here over two 




STATUE OF MARQUETTE. 



21 



21 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



hundred years ago. The white people had heard 
of a great river in this part of the country, and 
a man named JoHet was sent to find it. Mar- 
quette came with him to teach the Indians about 
God. 

These two men chose five other Frenchmen 
to come with them. They built two small canoes 




BIRCH-BARK CANOES. 



of birch bark, into which they put plenty of 
smoked meat and Indian corn. 

Marquette had already been teaching the Ind- 
ians for two years, and had learned to speak 
their language. The Indians had tried to keep 
him from going away into unknown lands. They 
said that the river was full of great monsters that 
would swallow his boats. They told him that 
the heat down the river was terrible, and that the 



Marquette. 23 

Indians were unfriendly and would kill him. 
But Marquette said that he was willing to lose 
his life for a chance to teach the Indians. 



II. AMONG THE STRANGE INDIANS. 

Marquette and Joliet with their five friends 
started out on Lake Michigan in their two little 




ON LAKE MICHIGAN. 



boats. They went down into Green Bay, then 
into the Fox River. From here they carried 
their boats a mile and a half across the land to 
the Wisconsin River. 

They sailed down this unknown stream to find 
the great river of which they had heard. At 
night they camped on shore. They roasted their 
meat before the fire, and slept on skins and 
blankets. 



24 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

In about a month they were made happy by 
the sight of a great river which they were sure 
must be the Mississippi that they had started to 
find. Here they saw huge fish that made them 
think of the monsters of which the Indians had 
told them. 

Now they began to fear savage Indians, so 
they did not land at night, but slept in their 
boats in the middle of the river, one man keep- 
ing watch while the rest slept. 

For two weeks they sav/ no Indians. One 
day they saw footprints in the sand and a path 
leading from them. Joliet and Marquette fol- 
lowed the path till they found an Indian village. 
Soon the Indians crowded out to see them. 
They offered the white men the peace-pipe to 
smoke, which showed that they meant to be 
friendly. 

The Indians told them that their visit made 
the sun more bright, the sky more blue, and the 
earth more beautiful. Was not that a pleasant 
way to say that they were welcome ? Marquette 
told the red men of the God who made them and 
that they should obey Him. 

Afterward the Indians gave Marquette and 
his men a great feast. An Indian fed them as 
if they were children, putting the food into their 



Marquette. 25 

mouths. Next morning several hundred of these 
red men went out with them to their boats. 

They gave the missionaries a peace-pipe and 
bade them a friendly good-by. 

III. DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

On and on down the great river these tiny 
canoes floated. By and by the explorers came to 
the place where the Missouri River rushes into 
the Mississippi. Its strong current almost upset 
th^ir boats. Still they went bravely forward. 
The weather became very warm, and the mosqui- 
toes tormented them night and day. 

At one place many savages rushed out with 
a war-whoop to attack them. Some even aimed 
their bows and arrows at the white men. One 
Indian threw his war club at them. 

At last the older men of the village came out, 
and kept the young warriors from hurting the 
white men. The Indians saw the peace-pipe 
which Marquette held up, and invited him to 
land with his followers. This they did with great 
fear, but they were feasted and well-treated. Mar- 
quette tried to teagh his hosts the truths of his 
religion. 

The Indians warned the white men not to go 



26 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



farther down the river, for fear of the savage tribes 
there, so Marquette and Joliet decided to return 
at once. 

What a hard trip it was, going back up the 
river against its strong current ! Marquette be- 
came very weak and ill, and suffered much. 

They did not return just as they went, but 
rowed up the Illinois River. From here they 




CARRYING THE BOATS. 

carried their boats across the land to the Chicago 
River, and so sailed into Lake Michigan. 

It is believed that the great missionary Mar- 
quette once visited the spot where Chicago now 
is. From here they paddled up to Green Bay, 
the place from which they had started. They 
had been gone four months, and had travelled 
over twenty-five hundred miles. 



Marquette. 2y 

IV. MARQUETTE'S LAST TRIP. 

Marquette was very anxious to get well so that 
he might go back and preach to the Illinois Ind- 
ians, but it was a whole year before he was able to 
start. 

He took two Frenchmen and a number of 
Indians with him. He had ten canoes this time. 
They went down Lake Michigan to the Chicago 
River. 

The weather was cold and stormy, and Mar- 
quette became ill again. They went about five 
miles up the river and built a rude hut. Perhaps 
this was the first house built by white men where 
the great city of Chicago now stands. 

Marquette spent the cold, dreary winter here, 
but in the spring he grew somewhat better. So 
he went on to preach to the Illinois Indians. 
As he went from wigwam to wigwam, he was 
received with great joy. 

At one time he preached to a great council. 
Five hundred chiefs were seated in a ring, behind 
whom were fifteen hundred young men and war- 
riors, and back of these were all the women and 
children of the village. 

These people begged Marquette to stay and 
teach them, but he knew that his life was nearly 



2 8 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

over, so he started back to his old mission at 
Mackinac, where he had first taught the Indians. 
His friends rowed him carefully up the river as 
he lay weak and ill in the boat. 

They crossed Lake Michigan, but he felt that 
he could go no farther, so he asked his friends to 
land. They built him a bark hut, and cared for 
him as tenderly as they could. 

It was not long before he died in this little hut 
in the wilderness. He was glad to give his life 
in trvino; to do o;ood to the Indians. 



Hunters. 



I. 



When white people first came to this country, 
it was not to make their homes here. Some came 
to find out what kind of country it was. Some 
of them came to teach the Indians about God. 
Others came to trade with the Indians or to hunt. 

Hunting was not a day's sport with such men ; it 
was the work of a season. In the fall they hunted 
the deer. The winter and early spring was the 
time to hunt bears and other fur-bearing animals. 




Sometimes hunters built a camp like this. 
Often a hunter had no shelter in which to sleep. 

29 



30 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



Then he would roll himself up in a buffalo skin, 
and lie on the ground with his feet toward the 
fire. 

The hunter had a queer kind of clothing well- 
suited to the woods. Over one ear hunor the 

o 

bushy tail of a raccoon, 
for his cap was gen- 
erally made of that ani- 
mal's skin. He wore 
a long coat and leg- 
gings made of fringed 
deerskin, and had also 
deerskin moccasins. 
Such clothing could 
not be easily torn, and 
would not wear out 
very soon. 

The hunter always 
carried with him his 
trusty rifle. His well- 
filled powder-horn was 
swung over his shoul- 
der. He had also an Indian tomahawk which he 
used in clearing a way through the forest. He 
carried a long, keen-edged hunting-knife to be 
used in taking the skin from "any animal that he 
might shoot, 




A HUNTER WITH HIS WEAPONS. 



Hunters. 



31 



With his knife he cut off bits of meat which 
he placed upon a forked stick and roasted before 
the fire. Often his meat was eaten without salt. 
Perhaps this was the only kind of food that he 
had for months. 

When the hunter killed a buffalo, he was sup- 
plied with both food and bedding. The animal's 
shaggy skin made a fine warm blanket for him. 




BUFFALOES ON THE PLAIN. 



II. 



These hunters were brave, strong men. They 
had to protect themselves from wild animals 
and Indians, and to provide their own food and 



clothing. 



They knew well how to use their rifles. They 
could load very quickly and fire very accurately 



32 Stones of Pioneer Life. 

They thought it was a disgrace to waste a shot. 
Their aim was so sure that one man would even 
hold a board between his knees as a mark for 
another to fire at. 

A hunter stood with his back as^ainst a tree 
when loading, that he might not be surprised by 
an enemy. 

Once a hunter, who was able to load while 
running, was pursued by Indians. He fired his 
gun, killing one of them. The rest thought he 
could not shoot again, so they dropped their 
guns that they might run faster. But the hunter 
loaded as he ran. Soon he turned and fired 
again. He did this two or three times. At 
last the Indians gave up the chase, saying, " No 
catch dat man ; he gun always loaded." 



Daniel Boone, 

I. FIRST VISIT TO KENTUCKY. 

Daniel Boone was a great hunter. He had 
heard of the beautiful country of Kentucky, which 
was beyond the moun- 
tains west of his old 
home. 

Boone and five other 
hunters came over the 
mountains into this beau- 
tiful land. It was a fine 
hunting ground with 
many deer, bears, wolves, 
panthers, buffaloes, and 
other animals. 

For six months the 
hunters roamed through the forests. One day in 
the winter Boone and another man were captured 
by the Indians. 

For a long time they saw no chance of escape. 
In order that the Indians might not watch them 











V^ . 


'\ 




^t"' 


^ ^ 








^^f /^ J 






^^^ j'/ ^m 


^^i^^^^s^ 




^^^ ]/ \M^^ 


P^^5^^^^^^ 




^K^^j/ ^^^^^ 


"m^^^^' 1 




^^^M 






H^^^^K^a^P^^ 


b'^^^^^^^ 






\!^^m^^^mk 






IBt-^^^^^^^^ 




^^C 


^k^M^ 



DANIEL BOONE. 



zz 



34 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



so closely, they acted as if they were satisfied to^ 
stay. 

One night they found a chance to slip away 
without being seen. How glad they were to be 
free from the Indians again! They went back 
to the camp where they had been with the other 
hunters, but alas! no one was to be seen! Boone 
and his friend did not know what had become of 
their companions. 

One day Boone's brother and another man 
came over the mountains to join them. Boone 
must have been delighted to hear from his home! 
There were now four white men in the forest to- 
gether. But the cruel Indians were watching them ; 
and it was not long before they killed two of the 
hunters, and only Boone and his brother were left. 

Soon the brother went home for more powder 
and lead, leaving Boone alone in the great forest. 
He must have felt strange with no friend near. 
He had not even a horse or a dog for company. 
His only food was the game that he killed ; he 
had no bread, salt, or sugar. 

To hide from the Indians he often slept in the 
cane brakes, where all night he could hear the 
howling of wolves. There were about him many 
kinds of fierce, wild animals, and at all times he 
was in danger from the Indians. 



I 



Daniel Boone 




CANE BRAKE. 



But Boone was not afraid, for he loved the 
beautiful forest in spite of all its dangers. After 
three months his brother came back with powder, 
lead, and other supplies. 

II. ATTEMPT TO REMOVE HIS FAMILY. 

Boone wandered through the forests of Ken- 
tucky for nearly two years ; then he went back 
to bring his family into the forest to live. 

It was some time before they were ready to go. 
Several other families started with them to make 
their home in the new country. 

At night they camped out in rude tents which 
were made of poles and covered with bedding. 
Day and night the people were on the watch for 
Indians. 



^6 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

One day the men who drove the cattle had 
dropped somewhat behind the others, as the cat- 
tle could not go so fast as the people did. Sud- 
denly a report was heard from the guns of the 
Indians who had been hiding behind trees. Six 
men who drove the cattle were killed. One of 
them was Boone's son. 

How sad all the people were then ! They 
would go no farther into the new country so full 
of Indians. They went back to their old homes 
beyond the mountains. 

III. BUILDING THE FORT. 

You may be sure that Boone was not willing 
to leave this beautiful land to the Indians. He 
wished to make a home here himself. 

Some time after this he and several other men 
came again. They cut down trees and built a 
stronsf fort. 

There was a two-story log house at each corner 
of the fort. The upper story stood out over the 
lower, so that the Indians could not climb in. 
There were loopholes in the upper part through 
which the men might shoot. Such houses w^ere 
called blockhouses. 

There were also several smaller cabins. The 



Daniel Boone. 



37 



spaces between the cabins were filled by a high 
lo2f fence, which was sometimes called a stockade. 
The logs were sharpened at the top and set deep 
in the ground, close enough to touch each other. 
Heavy wooden gates were made, to let the people 
in and out of the fort. 




DANIEL BOONE'S FORT. 

When this fort was done, Boone went back for 
his wife and children. This time they reached their 
new home in safety. The horses and cattle were 
driven into a large open space in the centre of the 
fort. Before long several families were living here. 



38 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

IV. CAPTURE OF THE CHILDREN. 

As long as the people stayed in the fort, they 
were not in much danger. The Indians could 
not get in, and their bullets could not go through 
the thick walls. But the men needed to q-q out- 

o 

side to fish and hunt. 

The women, too, knew how to use rifles, and 
they would shoot an Indian if he tried to harm 
them when the men were away. They could kill 
a deer if one happened to come near. 

The men must go outside the fort to plant and 
tend their little crops of corn, beans, and potatoes. 
The Indians did not trouble this fort very much 
for some time, so perhaps the people grew a little 
careless. 

One day three girls went outside the fort. 
One of them was Boone's daughter Jemima, who 
was about fourteen years old. The other two 
were Betsey and Frances Calloway, fourteen and 
sixteen years old. 

They saw a boat on the river and said, " Let's 
have a little row." So they got into the boat and 
splashed merrily about for some time. 

At last they turned to go home, when sud- 
denly two fierce-looking Indians sprang out of 
the woods and seized the boat. Three more 



Daniel Boone. 



39 



appeared, ready to shoot the girls if they tried to 
get away. They screamed loudly, and Betsey 
fought with her oar, but it did no good : the 
Indians carried them off through the woods. 

Betsey reached up and broke the bushes as she 
passed along. She knew that her father would 
look for her, and she hoped he might follow her 
by seeing the broken bushes. The Indians soon 
made her stop this. Then she tore off little bits 
of her dress, and dropped them by the way. 

The girls were much frightened to be carried 
thus away from home ! They did not know how 
the Indians might treat them. 

V. FINDING THE CHILDREN. 

You may believe there was trouble in the fort 
that night. When the hunters came home, they 
were told that their daughters had been carried 
away by the Indians. 

Boone with several others started out at once 
to hunt for them. They went very carefully, for 
they thought, " If the Indians see us coming for 
the girls, they will kill us and escape." 

All the next day they kept up their search. 
Often they were guided by a broken bush or a 
bit of Betsey's dress. At last they saw a light 



40 Stones of Pioneer Life. 

smoke curling up through the woods. They 
peered through the bushes, and there with the 
Indians were their daughters, nearly worn out 
with terror and fatigue. 

Just as the hunters were ready to fire, the 
Indians saw them and ran, but not without losing 
four of their number. 

The girls were now safe from their terrible 
danger. They had feared that they should never 
see their homes or parents again. They had 
been taken thirty miles from the fort. The jour- 
ney back seemed much shorter. No words can 
tell how great was their joy at being free from 
the Indians. 



VI. BOONE'S CAPTURE. 

One thing that the people needed very much 
in the fort was salt. Not far away were some 
springs where the water that came up was very 
salty. Such places were called salt-licks, because 
many animals used to come here to lick the 
ground about the spring, for animals, too, need 
salt. 

A salt-lick was a good place to go hunting. 
The men could hide in the bushes near it, and 
when the animals came, it was easy to shoot them. 



Daniel Boone. 



41 



Men also came here to get salt for themselves. 
They boiled the salt water a long time. At last 
the water would disappear, and leave the salt. 

One day Boone and some other hunters went 
to a salt-lick to make salt. Suddenly a number 
of Indians rushed out, captured Boone, and car- 
ried him away many miles. 




ANIMALS AT A SALT-LICK. 



The Indians watched him very closely. They 
did not intend to let him escape this time. As 
before, he acted as if he w^ere willing to stay with 
them. 

They soon grew very fond of him. An Indian 
adopted him in place of a son that he had lost. 
His head w^as shaved like an Indian's, and his 
face was painted until he looked like one. 



42 Stones of Pioneer Life. 

Sometimes they let him go out to hunt. They 
made him show game for every bullet they gave 
him. 

But he was sharper than they were. He cut 
the bullets in two, and saved half for himself. 
He was getting ready to run away. 

VII. HIS ESCAPE. 

Boone stayed with the Indians a long time, for 
he found no chance to escape. The people at 
the fort thought that he was dead, and his wife 
went back to her old home. 

One day he heard the Indians planning to go 
to his home, break down the fort, and kill the 
settlers. He knew then that he must escape to 
save his peoplCo 

The next morning he started out to hunt. He 
managed to slip away without being seen. He 
knew that the Indians would surely kill him if 
they found him again. 

He dared not fire a gun, fearing that the Ind- 
ians might hear it and find him. He could not 
light a fire, for fear they might see the tell-tale 
smoke. 

For four days he travelled almost without stop- 
ping. During that time he had but one meal, 



Daniel Boone. 43 

which was a little dried meat he had carried with 
him. 

On the fifth day he came in sight of the fort. 
He seemed more nearly dead than alive, having 
travelled one hundred sixty miles almost with- 
out food or rest. How surprised his friends were 
to see him ! 

He told them of the Indians' plans against 
them. They made ready for the attack, and 
when the Indians came some time later, they were 
not able to break down the fort. It was saved 
because Boone had been so strong and brave. 

VIII. His LATER DAYS. 

As the years went by, many more white people 
came to live in the new country. They were able 
to do some farming. Boone himself became a 
farmer as well as a hunter. 

One day he was at work in his drying shed, 
hanging up tobacco to dry. Four strong Indians 
slipped quietly in at the door before Boone saw 
them. Pointing their guns at him they said : 
" Now, Boone, we got you ; you no get away any 
more. We carry you off this time, sure. You 
no cheat us any more, Boone." 

Boone looked down in surprise. He soon saw 



44 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

that they were the Indians whom he knew when 
he was a captive before. It seemed as if he 
would have no chance to get away this time. 




boone's tobacco-drying shed. 



He must have thought pretty fast as to how 
he could escape. He did not seem to be at all 
alarmed, but spoke to the Indians as friends. 
He kept talking to them pleasantly while he 
went on with his work. 



Daniel Boone. 



45 



He gathered up a few handfuls of very dry 
tobacco and suddenly threw the dust into their 
faces and eyes. Then he jumped down, pushed 
them aside, and ran past them very quickly. 

They could not see him, for they were blinded 
by the fine tobacco dust. They stamped and 
raged with pain and anger at the trick he had 
played them. Boone was soon in his cabin and 
able to defend himself. 

He lived to be a very old man, but he was 
never again captured by the Indians. 



Flat-boats. 



I. 



Vou remember that Boone and his friends 
journeyed across the mountains into the new 
country. 

Many other people came down the Ohio 
River — not in steamers of course, for there 
were no such things in those days. 




A FLAT-BOAT. 



They came in a flat-boat or house-boat. Some- 
times it was called a " Kentucky Ark." It was 
a large flat raft, with a tent or little house upon it. 

Here one or two families lived as they floated 
down the river. Would it not seem strange to 
camp out on a boat.? 

46 



Flat-boats. 47 

Such a boat could not go very fast, for it 
simply drifted down the river. The oars were 
used only to guide the boat. It was not always 
easy to make it go where the men wished. 
Sometimes it stuck fast upon a sand bar, and 
then it was hard work to push it into the water 
again. 

Of course people did not travel very fast in 
flat-boats ; but they were not in a hurry in those 
days. Sometimes it took several weeks to make 
the trip down the river. 

In the early times such a journey was full of 
danger. The Indians were always watching for 
white people, and they were ready to capture and 
kill all they could. 

Hundreds of these boats drifted down the 
river in the early times, and hundreds of people 
were killed by the Indians. Do you not think 
travellers must have been very brave to face 
such danger.^ 

II. AN OLD MAN'S STORY. 

Here is a story, told by an old man, of what 
happened when he was a little boy. 

" When I was ten years old, I came with my 
father's family down the Ohio River in a flat- 



48 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

boat. Several families were in one boat, and our 
cattle were in another. 

" We were gliding down the river very safely, 
we thought. About ten o'clock at night we 
heard the terrible yells of the Indians who had 
a number of fires along the shores. As they 
kept this up, we thought that perhaps they had 
captured some white men and were killing 
them. 

" We fastened our two boats together, and 
floated on as quietly as possible, hoping that the 
Indians would not see us. 

" Just as we came opposite their fires, they 
commanded us to ' come to.' 

" We were perfectly silent, for father had given 
strict orders that not a sound should be made, 
except from a gun. About a hundred Indians 
with a fearful cry jumped into their canoes and 
followed us. On we floated in dead silence; not 
an oar was touched. 

" They came within a few yards of us. My 
mother quietly put an axe by the side of each 
man, keeping a hatchet for herself. The Ind- 
ians kept on yelling and following us for three 
miles ; still not a word from us ! not a sound ! 

" At last the Indians became awed by this 
strange stillness. Perhaps they thought us a 



Flat-boats. 49 

boat full of dead men floating down the river. 
They ceased to follow us, and we were safe once 
more." 

III. ANOTHER INDIAN STORY. 

People who were attacked by the Indians did 
not often escape unharmed. Once a party of 
men, women, and children were coming down 
the river in a flat-boat. 

Just at daylight, one foggy morning, some 
one called to them from the shore, asking to be 
taken on the boat. They knew that this was 
only a trick of the Indians to get them near the 

shore. 

The men at once left their oars and went to 
their guns. The women and children were told 
to lie flat on their faces on the cabin floor and 
to keep as still as death. 

Before long several canoes full of painted 
savages came swifdy toward them. Tables, 
boxes, and chairs were thrown from the flat-boat, 
that there might be more room to fight. The 
Indians were soon at hand, and a close, hot fight 
followed. 

Three of the white men were killed and others 
were badly hurt. Several Indians lost their 



50 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

lives, and at last the rest pushed off for the 
shore, fairly beaten. 

None of the women or children was hurt, ex- 
cept one little boy. When the fight was over, 
he asked to have a bullet taken from his scalp. 

" That is not all, captain," said the brave little 
fellow, as he held up his arm, showing where it 
had been shot at the elbow. 

" Why did you not tell us of this before ? " 
asked his mother. 

" Because the captain told us to be still," said 
the little boy. He was surely a brave little lad 
to bear so much pain in silence ! 



Blockhouses and Forts. 



I HAVE told you about the fort in which Boone 
and his friends lived, and how it was made to 
protect them from the Indians. 

In those days all new settlers had to live in 
or near a fort. If there were only a few fam- 
ilies, they sometimes had 
only one blockhouse. Their 
own little farms and cabins 
were not far away. Here 
they lived except in times 
of danger. 

Sometimes they would 
hear that Indians were near, 
or a report would come that 
some one had been killed by them. Then every 
white person would hurry in great fright to the 
blockhouse. 

One pioneer tells us what he remembers of 
such times : — 

" When I was a little boy, the fort to which 

51 




A BLOCKHOUSE. 



52 Stones of Pioneer Life. 

my father belonged was three-quarters of a mile 
away from our farm. Sometimes we were waked 
up in the dead of night, on account of danger 
from the Indians. 

" Once a messenger came softly to the house 
and gently tapped on the door, telling us that the 
Indians were near. Every one of us was up and 
wide awake at once. Father seized his gun, while 
mother dressed the children as quickly as she 
could. 

" I was the oldest of the children, so I was able 
to help carry things to the fort. There was no 
chance to get a horse to take us there, so we 
walked and carried what clothing and food we 
could find in the dark. We dared not light a 
candle or even stir a fire, fearing that the Ind- 
ians might see us. 

" We were as quiet as possible, as we made 
ready to leave our home. We took great care 
not to wake the youngest child, lest he might 
make a noise. The one word ' Indians ' was 
enough to keep the rest of us still. In a short 
time we were all safe inside the fort." 

Often a number of families would be in their 
own home in the evening, and before morning 
they would all be in the fort. The next day men 
with loaded guns would go back to the cabins 



Blockhouses and Forts. ro 

and bring such needed things as they had not 
been able to take the night before. 

The families stayed in the fort until the danger 
seemed past. Then they went back to their little 
cabins again. 



Down the Ohio. 

I. THE SECOND MAYFLOWER. 

You have heard of a great war in this country 
which made us free from English rule. You 
have been told what a hard time our soldiers had 
and how bravely they fought. 

When the war was over, there was not money 
enough to pay the soldiers, so our government 
offered to give them land in the new country, 
north of the Ohio River. There they could 
make new homes for themselves. 

A number of them decided to go, and they 
began at once to make ready for the long jour- 
ney. One cold day in December they left their 
homes in the East, starting out for the " Far 
West," as they called it. 

They followed the Indian path over the moun- 
tains. After eight weeks they reached a small 
river. They expected to go the rest of the way 
to their new homes by water. 

It was now so cold that they could go no 

54 



Down the Ohio. 55 

farther till spring. While here, they built a large, 
strong boat which they named the Mayflower, 
Probably they were thinking of the little ship, 
Mayflower, that brought the Pilgrims to America 
many years before this. 

This boat was not much like the ship for 
which it was named. It had a roof and strong 
sides that could stand against the bullets of the 
Indians. 

In April all the little company entered this 
rude boat and floated down the river. On and 
on they went, down into the beautiful Ohio. 

They landed opposite Fort Harmar, which was 
held by a number of soldiers. This fort made 
the people feel somewhat safer from the Indians. 

How pleased they were with the new country 
that they had reached ! Such big, fine trees they 
had never seen. Such rich, black soil and such 
fine weather were very promising. They began 
at once to build their houses. While building, 
they lived in the Mayflower, 

There were fewer than fifty people in this first 
company. In about three months they were 
joined by nearly a hundred others, who had trav- 
elled nine weeks to reach this new home. 



^6 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

II. MOUNDS IN OHIO. 

In this new country there were some queer 
earth mounds which were a great wonder to the 
new settlers. They were somewhat Hke httle 
hills ; but they were perfect in shape, smooth 
and reofular. You know real hills are seldom 
like that. 

Some of these mounds were built in the shape 
of animals. One was like an elephant, and an- 

.-r.i, , U were made so long 



fc'.J^ Vs i %%m aofo that ereat trees 



,a 



mmm ^^ .-^ictc ^. 



f Mi| iiiiii have had time to grow 

upon them. 

ELEPHANT MOUND. 

The Indians who 
lived there could not tell who built the mounds. 
Men have never found out surely who made 
them. 

We know only that these mounds were made 
by men far back in the past, so it will hardly 
do to call this a new country. Indeed, it must 
be a very old country, though it was new to the 
people who came here a little over a hundred 
years ago. 

The new settlers wished to preserve these old 



Down the Ohio, 



57 



mounds. They built a fort upon one of them, 
thinking they could not find a better place. They 
took such good care that the mounds should not 
be destroyed that very many of them are still 
to be seen. 




MOUNDS NEAR MARIETTA. 



III. THE NEW HOME. 

The fort which the settlers built was white- 
washed and looked very fine as the sun shone 
on it. They dug a well inside the fort, then 
began to clear the land and plant corn. 

They laid out a little town, which w^as called 
Marietta. Then they made laws for their town, 
which were written out and nailed to a tree where 
everybody might learn them. All the people 
seemed glad to obey them. 



58 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



Before long a preacher came to live among 
these pioneers. He preached to them on Sun- 
days, and taught the children during the week. 
They had their school and their church in one 
of the blockhouses. 

At first they were very happy in their new 
home. The soldiers at the fort said they had 
never seen such happy people. 




CAMPUS MAKTIUS. 



The soil was so rich that the corn grew fast 
and tall. One man said to his friends in the 
East: "Why do you w^aste your time trying to 
raise corn there ? Here we have to stand on 
tip-toe to break off the ears. There you have 
to stoop down to get it." Another man said, " It 
would be as easy to be lost in a cornfield as in a 
cedar swamp." 

Though the settlers enjoyed their beautiful, rich 
country, they had their troubles, too. They could 
not work outside the fort without danger from 



Down the Ohio. 



59 



the savages. They must always be protected by 
armed men. The Indians could not bear to see 
the white man's corn 



growmg 



on their 



hunting ground. 

As hundreds of 
white people began 
to settle in this new 
countr}^ the Indians 
grew more enraged. 
At last they said in 
anger, " No white 
man shall plant corn '^\^ 
north of the Ohio 
River." 

They did all they 
could to drive the 
white men out, kill- 
ing many and car- 
rying others away 
as prisoners. The 
Indians burned the 
crops and destroyed 
as much game as 
possible so that the 
settlers could not 
find food. 




TALL CORN. 



6o 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



This soon led to war with the Indians. There 
were many cruel and bloody battles. At last, 
after a long time, the Indian was compelled to 
let the white man make his home in the new 
country. Then many of the Indians went farther 
west. Those who did not go were friendly to the 
white people. 



IV. STORY OF ISAAC WILLIAMS. 

Fear of the Indians was not the only trouble 
the early settlers had. Sometimes it was hardly 
possible to get food. 

At one time people had to eat 
nettles and potato tops. Once, food 
was so scarce that little children 
had to live on half a potato a day. 

At another time the people had 
nothing fit for use in making bread. 
It happened in this way. They 
had planted their corn as usual, 
but before it was ripe there was a 
After the corn was gathered it be- 
came mouldy, and when it w^as ground and made 
into bread, it made many people ill. 

Yet even this poor corn sold at such a high price 
that the settlers could hardly afford to buy it. 




heavy frost. 



Down the Ohio. 6i 

I fear many of them would have starved, had 
it not been for a kind man, whose name was 
Isaac WiUiams. He had planted his corn early, 
and had gathered a fine harvest before the frost. 

Some men who wanted to make money tried 
to buy his whole crop, offering him a dollar and 
a quarter a 'bushel for it. 

Isaac Williams would not sell it to them. In- 
stead, seeing how badly the settlers needed it, he 
let them have it for fifty cents a bushel. If they 
had not the money, he gave them the corn, taking 
only their promise to pay when they were able. 

He was willing to help his neighbors, though 
he lost money by it. Such men make the world 
better. 

V. STORY OF LOCKHART. 

Some time after this one of the settlers was 
ill. When he began to get well, he wanted some 
deer meat. He asked a man, named Lockhart, to 
go into the woods and kill a deer for him. 

It was a dangerous thing to do, because there 
was an Indian war at the time, but Lockhart 
said at once that he would go. He went out 
into the forest and soon killed two fine deer. 
Then he started back for the fort. 



62 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



Suddenly he met two Indians in the path. 
They were as much surprised as he was. Seeing 
his rifle, they at once sprang behind trees. 

One of them happened to choose a tree too 
small to cover him. So Lockhart fired and 

wounded him. 



Then the other 
Indian rushed 
out, thinking 
that the gun 
could not be 
fired again at 
once. But Lock- 
hart had reloaded 
instantly and was 
ready for him. 

The Indian, 
seeing that he 
was ready to 
shoot, ran back 
to the tree again. 
Lockhart, too, 




'^4f(i%v'\,^3 



THE INDIAN BEHIND THE TREE. 



hid behind a tree. There both men stayed until 
it was nearly dark. Each was afraid to come out, 
because that would give the other a chance for 
the first shot. 

At last Lockhart thought of a plan to get the 



I 



Down the Ohio. 6^ 

Indian to leave his tree. Putting his hat on the 
end of his ramrod, the hunter pushed it very 
carefully around the tree. 

It looked to the Indian as if the man himself 
were peeping around the tree, so he fired at the 
hat and rushed out to get his scalp. This gave 
Lockhart the chance he wanted. He fired at 
the Indian, and killed him instantly. Then he 
went in safety to the fort with his deer. 

VI. STORY OF JOSIAH HUNT. 

Once during an Indian war there was a very 
brave hunter named Josiah Hunt. It was his 
duty to supply game for the men at the fort. 

It was almost impossible to leave the fort with- 
out being shot at by the Indians. They used to 
climb trees near by so that they could watch 
any one who came out. Then they would follow, 
and perhaps kill him. 

Hunt always left the fort at night so that he 
could not be seen. He said, " When I am once 
in the woods, I have as good a chance as the 
Indians." In the night he went to that part of 
the forest where he expected to hunt the next 
day. 

In winter he needed a fire to keep from freez- 



64 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



ing, but he must not have any flame, or the 
Indians might see it. So he dug a hole in the 
o-round about as bisj as the crown of a hat. 
This he filled with strips of white oak bark, 
which will burn somewhat, even if covered with 
ashes. 

After the fire was started, he nearly covered 
it with earth, leaving only two or three little holes 
=^ ^. .,.^v. o to let in the air. To 

fc>4^^^^^ftfl ^^^P ^^ dampness, he 
gis c^ ,:.A>'i^^.<A^^t spread his blanket over 

strips of bark. He sat 
upon this with the fire 
between his legs. 

He always kept one 
hand upon his rifle, that 
he might be ready for 
the Indians at all times. 
In the morning he be- 
gan to hunt. Very care- 
fully he went, looking 
for deer and Indians. 

If he saw a deer, he 
would put a bullet in 
his mouth, so that he 

could load again the minute after he had shot. 

He would reload his gun before he started to 




HUNTER RELOADING HIS GUN. 



Down the Ohio. 65 

pick up the deer he had killed. He feared that 
the Indians might have heard him shoot, and 
would be ready to kill him. 

When he skinned a deer, he did so with his 
back against a tree, and with his rifle within 
reach of his hand. 

This hunter was so careful that the Indians 
were never able to catch him. Some time later, 
when they made peace with the white men, they 
asked to see Hunt. They gathered about him 
and said, "Great man, Captain Hunt; great 
warrior, good hunting man ; Indian no can kill." 

They told him that some of their bravest 
warriors had often gone out on purpose to kill 
him, but could never find him off his guard. 
The Indians admired him very much for his 
bravery and his cunning. 

VII. STORY OF CAPTAIN WELLS. 

During the war with the Indians, white mien 
were often sent out as spies. It was their duty 
to watch for Indians, so that the fort should not 
be taken by surprise. 

Captain Wells was a spy of this kind. Long 
before this he had been captured by the Indians 
and taken into one of their families, where he 



66 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

had lived for a long time. There he had learned 
their language and many of their ways, so that 
now he was a good spy. 

He dressed as an Indian, and no one would 
have thought that he was a white man. One day 
he saw a family of Indians coming down the 
river in a canoe. They saw Wells and paddled 
toward him without fear, thinking that he was 
one of their own people. 

He soon saw that they were the family with 
whom he had lived. At the same time, he saw 
his men behind the trees ready to shoot them. 

He turned his gun toward the white men and 
ordered them to stop, crying out that he would 
shoot the first one who dared to fire. 

Then he said, " Those men have fed me 
when hungry; they have clothed me when naked; 
they have cared for me when I was ill ; they 
have treated me with as much kindness as if I 
had been one of their own children." 

The white men put down their guns at once, 
and hurried to the canoe to shake hands with 
the trembling Indians. Wells told them that they 
had nothing to fear from his men. He warned 
his Indian father to keep out of danger; then he 
bade them good-by. The Indians seemed very 
grateful, and hurriedly paddled down the stream. 



Down the Ohio. 



67 



VIIL PEACE WITH THE INDIANS. 

I have told you of some of the troubles the 
settlers had with the Indians. You have seen 
how unwilling the red men were to give up their 
hunting ground, and how very unsafe it was for 
white people to live here. Many of them lost 
their lives trying to do so, but others kept try- 
inor to make their homes here. 




INDIANS GOING WEST. 



Again and again peace was made with the 
Indians, but again and again war broke out. 
After much fighting and suffering the Indians 
were obliged to let the white man live here. 
Many of them went farther west, where for a time 
they again had a large hunting ground. 

Some of them still stayed in this part of the 
country and became friendly to the white people. 
It is only within the last hundred years that the 



68 Stones of Pioneer Life. 

people in the Ohio Valley have felt safe froni 
the savages. 

Have you felt sorry for the Indian because he 
was driven from his land ? Remember that he 
used it for little except hunting. He raised few 
crops, he built no cities or roads or bridges. 

He did not try to make himself better or to 
learn better ways of living. He left the land no 
better for the people who lived after him. 

Very few people can live, even in a rich coun- 
try, unless they use the land well. The Indians 
would not learn from the white men how to im- 
prove their land, and so they lost it all. What 
we do not use we are likely to lose. 



Story of Frances Slocum. 
I. 

About one hundred twenty years ago the 
white people in Pennsylvania were in great 
danger from the Indians. There was then a 
family named Slocum living in that part of the 
country. There were several children, one of 
whom was named Frances. 

One day when Frances was about five years 
old the Indians suddenly appeared near her 
home, and before any one knew of their ap- 
proach they killed a boy near the house. 

All the Slocum family were greatly frightened, 
and tried to escape to the woods. Mary, one 
of the larger girls, caught up her two-year-old 
brother Joseph, and ran away. Mrs. Slocum and 
several of the children also reached the thick 
bushes. 

Little Frances tried to hide under the stairs, 
but an Indian saw her and seized her and also 
her little lame brother. 

Then the mother rushed out and begged for 

69 



70 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



her children, but the Indian only laughed at her. 
Pointing to the boy's feet she said, " He is lame ; 
he can do thee no good." 

Then the Indian let the lame child go, but 
he threw Frances across his shoulder and dashed 
off into the bushes. 




** HE THREW FRANCES ACROSS HIS SHOULDER." 

As she disappeared from sight, she put back 
her tangled curls with one hand, and stretching 
out the other toward her mother, she cried bitterly 
and begged to be saved. 

The family searched for her in every direction. 
They offered much money for any news of the 



Story of Frances Slocum. yi 

little girl. They did everything that they could 
to find her, but there was no trace of her. 

How the poor mother grieved for the little 
child ! She could not forget the tearful face as 
she last saw it vanishing into the woods. Over 
and over again she would say: "What has be- 
come of the dear child ? How will the Indians 
treat her ? " 

Little Frances had had a new pair of shoes 
before she was taken from home. She had been 
required to lay them aside, to save them for cold 
weather. The poor mother kept thinking, " Oh, 
if Frances only had her shoes ! How will she 
endure the cold in the forest with bare feet ! " 

The winter dragged on and no word came from 
the little one. Years passed, and still there was 
no news of the captive. 

II. 

Mrs. Slocum could not forget her lost child. 
She was sure Frances must still be alive. She 
could not give up the hope of finding her. 

One day a woman came to the house of Mrs. 
Slocum. She said she had been taken captive 
when a child, but had forgotten her own name 
as well as her father's, and she had come to see if 
she were not the lost Frances. 



7 2 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

Mrs. Slocum soon saw that the stranger was 
not her child. Still she said, "Stay with me 
as long as thee likes; perhaps some one will 
extend the same kindness to my dear Frances." 
The stranger stayed a few months and then went 
away. She felt that these were not her own 
people. 

After Frances had been gone twenty-nine 
years her mother died. Even to the day of her 
death she believed that her lost child lived, al- 
though she had never heard one word from her. 

She had told her sons never to cease looking 
for their sister. The brothers made many long 
and dangerous journeys, and spent thousands of 
dollars searching for her; but the time went by 
and they could not find her. 



III. 



At last nearly sixty years had gone since 
Frances was stolen. At this time there was a 
man living in Indiana named Mr. Ewing, who 
was an Indian trader and knew the language of 
the Indians. 

One night he stopped at an Indian cabin and 
asked to spend the night. He was kindly re- 
ceived and well treated by an old Indian woman. 



Story of Frances Slocum. 73 

He saw that this woman did not look Hke 
most Indian women. Her hair seemed unHke an 
Indian's, and seeing her bare arm, he noticed that 
the skin was white. At last he asked her if she 
were not a white woman. 

At first she seemed unwilling to tell him ; but 
finally she said she was not an Indian. She told 
him that she had been captured when she w^as a 
little girl. She thought her father's name was 
Slocum, but she could not remember her own 
name. She could not speak a word of English. 

The Indians had taken her as their own child, 
had reared her as an Indian, and taught her to 
fear white people. Indeed, she had never told 
her story before, fearing that the white people 
might come and take her away. She had mar- 
ried an Indian, and had at this time two grown 
daughters. The Indians had always treated 
her well, and she had been very happy with 
them. 

Mr. Ewing thought a great deal about her 
story, and wondered if her family were still liv- 
ing. He wrote a long letter to a postmaster in 
Pennsylvania, telling him all that he could about 
the aged captive. 

The letter was finally printed in a newspaper. 
A friend of the Slocum family saw it, and sent 



74 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

a copy of it to Joseph Slocum, who was then an 
old man. It was he who had been carried into 
the woods by his sister Mary at the time Frances 
was stolen. 

IV. 

What must have been the feelings of the 
brothers and sisters in reading of the long-lost 
Frances ! So many times they had tried to find 
their sister, and failed. Surely now they would 
see her. 

They decided to go to Indiana at once, though 
they were all old people, and it would be a long, 
hard journey. They must go through forests and 
over rough roads, where houses were few and far 
apart, yet they were willmg to endure any hard- 
ship to find their sister. 

Soon Joseph Slocum started and was joined by 
his sister Mary who lived in Ohio. Later, his 
brother also joined them. After several wTeks 
they reached the Indian village where Frances 
lived. 

How eager they were to see her ! " Will she 
look at all like the curly-headed Frances of so 
long ago ? " " Will she be glad to see us ? " they 
asked each other. 

Mary said, " I shall know her, if she is my sister. 



Story of Frances Slocum. 



75 



She has lost the nail from one forefinger. You 
remember, brother, that you pounded it off in 
the blacksmith shop about a year before we lost 
her ? " 

When they entered her house, they found her 
sitting quietly in a chair. At first she seemed 
to them very cold and distant. 
Of course, she could not 
understand a word that they 
said. Neither could they un- 
derstand her. 

They had brought a white 
man with them who could 
speak the Indian language, 
and could tell each of them 
what the others said. 

At first the Indian sister 
even seemed to suspect her 
visitors of having some plan 
to rob her. Her brothers 
walked the floor in grief. Her sister wept bit- 
terly, but Frances sat unmoved. Could it be 
that this was the dear little Frances, lost so long 
ago ? How could she possibly have become this 
old Indian woman.? 

Still there could be no doubt about it. There 
was the same hurt finger. She remembered her 




FRANCES SLOCUM. 



76 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

father's name, and could tell just where she hid 
when the Indians came to the house. 

She was told that this was her sister, who ran 
away with the little brother, and here was the 
little brother, too. 

Slowly she began to understand that these 
were really her people. She grew interested, and 
was willing to tell them about herself. 

She told them that the Indians had painted 
her skin, and that they had dressed her in wam- 
pum beads which she thought very fine. 

They had always been kind to her. Even now 
they treated her like a queen, gladly doing what- 
ever she wished. She was quite rich, too, for 
an Indian. 

V. 

The brother and sister wished very much that 
Frances would go back to the old home with 
them. She said : " No, I cannot ; I have always 
lived with the Indians; they have always treated 
me kindly. I am used to them. Why should I 
go to be like a fish out of water } " 

Then they begged her to visit them. But she 
said: " I cannot, I cannot. I am an old tree. I 
cannot move about. I shall not be happy with 
my white relatives. I am glad to see them, but 
I cannot go, I cannot go ; I have done," 



Story of Frances Slocum. 77 

Her daughters agreed with her. One of them 
said, " The fish dies quickly out of the water." 
The other said, " The deer cannot hve out of the 
forest." 

And so the brothers and sister had to return 
home without her, but they had much to console 
them. Their sister was like a queen among the 
Indians. Her life was not one of hardship or 
suffering. She had always been well-treated and 
was satisfied with her home. 



VI. 

Two or three years later Joseph Slocum visited 
his sister again. This time his two daughters 
were with him. Mr. Slocum told Frances he 
had brought his children to see her. All her 
coldness of the first visit seemed gone, and she 
showed great joy at seeing her brother again. 

She was much pleased that her nieces had 
come so far to see her. She showed that she 
was very grateful for their visit. She offered her 
brother half her land if he would come and live 
with her. But there seemed to be no way by 
which the long-parted brother and sister could 
remain together. They parted in the most 
friendly manner, 



78 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

The father and daughters had journeyed about 
two thousand miles before they reached their 
own home. They had been gone seven weeks 
and had spent nearly four hundred dollars. 

As the years passed by the Indians were re- 
quired by the government to leave their old 
homes and go farther west ; but Frances and her 
family were allowed to remain. 

She was very sad after many of her Indian 
friends had gone, so she asked one of her brothers 
to allow his son to come and live with her. This 
was the child that he had hoped to have near 
him in his old age, but he cheerfully gave him 
up to his poor Indian sister. 

The young man came with his family and 
lived near his aunt, till her death. He preached 
among the Indians and did them much good. 

Frances Slocum died when she was about 
seventy-four years old. She was buried in Indi- 
ana where she had lived so many years. 

Now a small monument marks her grave. 



Abraham Lincoln. 

I. HIS FIRST HOME. 

After Boone's first visit to Kentucky, he had 
so much to say about the beautiful country that 
many of his friends wished to go there to live. 
Among these was a man named Abraham Lin- 
coln. He brought his family and made his home 
among the savages in this region. 

One day he was out working upon his land. 
His little six-year-old son Thomas was with him. 

Suddenly there came a shot from an unseen 
Indian's rifle. Mr. Lincoln fell dead beside his. 
little boy. The Indian was about to kill the child, 
too, but just then he himself was shot down by 
Thomas's older brother. 

There were five little children in the Lincoln 
family, left now with only their mother to care for 
them. Little Thomas himself soon had to make 
his own living. He had to go from place to 
place as a laboring boy. 

He had no chance to go to school, and when 
he became a man, he could neither read nor 

79 



8o 



Stones of Pioneer Life. 



write. When he was twenty-eight years old, he 
was married to Nancy Hanks. She taught him 
to write his name. 

This rude cabin was their home, and also the 
first home of their little boy, who was named 
Abraham for his grandfather. 

It is this Abraham Lincoln of whose life as a 
little boy I wish to tell you. He became such a 
great man that I am sure you have often heard 
of him. 

II. HIS LIFE IN KENTUCKY. 

You would hardly think a great man ever lived 
in such a house as this. See its rude stick- 
chimney, its rough 
walls and roof! 

The inside was 
just as poor. It 
had no floor but 
the bare earth. 
There were only 
slab stools instead 
fireplace served to 




^-:?^^^a^^^^. ._.::^^- 



LINCOLN'S FIRST HOME. 



of chairs. A broad open 

cook the food and to warm the room. 

Abraham lived here several years. He and 
his sister went to school four miles away. They 
had to walk all this distance, and carry their 



Abraham Lincoln. 8i 

dinner of cold corn-bread. Their only book 
was a spelling-book. 

Little Abe, as he was called, was very quick 
in his studies, and soon learned to read and 
write. 

How hungry he was for books and stories ! 
He read everything he could get, which was 
not much. He had no lamp, nor even a candle, 
by which to study at night. He used to get 
spice-wood brush and burn it, so that he might 
see to read. His mother could read, and very 
likely she told him all the stories she knew, over 
and over again. 

III. REMOVAL TO INDIANA. 

When Abraham was seven years old, his father 
decided to move to Indiana. He sold his little 
home, or rather traded it for goods. Mr. Lincoln 
put these goods on a raft and started down the 
river with them. 

As he was not able to manage his raft, it was 
upset, and his goods were thrown into the river. 
He saved some of them, and these he left with a 
settler. 

Then he walked on through a forest, to select 
a place far a home. He soon found a place he 



82 Stones of Pioneer Life. 

liked. So he went back to Kentucky for his wife 
and children. 

He borrowed two horses, loaded all his goods 
upon them, and started on foot with his family. 
They did not have much, perhaps only a very 
little clothing and bedding and a few things to 
cook with. 

Can you think what such a journey as this 
would be ? Think of walking for miles through 
the strange forest ! It must have been full of 
delight to the little children. Perhaps it was not 
so pleasant to the grown people. They could 
kill a deer, or turkey, or other wild game for 
food, when they wished. At night they camped 
out in the woods. 

By and by they crossed the Ohio River into 
Indiana. There they hired a wagon and went 
on toward their new home. There was no way 
open through these thick woods, so that often 
Mr. Lincoln had to cut down trees, or trim 
away the brush to make a road for his wagon. 

At last they reached the place Mr. Lincoln 
had chosen. Little Abe, though only seven years 
old, was given an axe, and told to help with the 
new house. At first they did not build even as 
good a house as the cabin they had left. 

They built what was called a " half-faced 



Abraham Lincoln. 



83 



camp " which was something Hke a shed made 
of poles. It was left open on one side and there 
was no floor. The fire was built outside, oppo- 




HALF-FACED CAMP. 



site the opening. In this poor home the Lin- 
coln family lived for a year. 



IV. A NEW HOME. 

At the end of a year Mr. Lincoln built a cabin 
for his family. At first it had no door, floor, or 
window. It had a rude fireplace and a loft. A 
bag of leaves in one corner of this loft was Abe's 
bed. This he reached by climbing a set of pegs 
driven into the wall. 



84 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



There was but little furniture In this house, 
and it was very poor. A few three-legged slab 
stools served for chairs. There were a puncheon 
table and a few pewter dishes. A puncheon was 
made by cutting a log lengthwise into thick 
boards. 




g^teg 








LINC0I,N'S INDIANA HOME. 



A bed was made by sticking poles into the 
cracks in the wall. The outer corner was held 
up by a forked stick. Across this frame, skins 
and leaves were thrown for bedding. 

Life was not easy in this poor cabin in the 
midst of the forest. Everything that was used 
in the household had to be made at home. 

There were no stores from which to buy, and if 
there had been, Thomas Lincoln had no money. 
How could the family get all that they needed 
to eat and to wear ? 



Abraham Lincoln. 



8s 



First they must clear out a little space in the 
forest, where they might plant corn. Great trees 
must be cut down and the underbrush cleared 
away. 

Sometimes trees were " deadened " and left 
standing for a time. This means that they were 
killed by cutting or burning the bark around 
them. 




A HOME-MADE BED. 



Then the sun could shine down upon the earth 
and make the corn grow. From the corn, meal 
was made and used for bread. 

They raised potatoes and perhaps a few other 
things. For their meat, deer or turkey or other 
wild game w^as always at hand. Abe himself 
shot a turkey when he was only eight years old. 



86 



Stones of Pioneer Life. 



When a deer was killed it furnished clothing 
as well as food. Deerskin clothing was often 
worn at this time. 

When they had any cloth it must be home- 
made. The flax, wool, or cotton was raised and 
prepared by the 
family. It was col- 
ored, spun, woven, 
and made into gar- 
ments at home. 

You can see how 
hard these people 
must have worked, 
to do these things 
In all such work, Abraham and 
his sister always ^;took part. 

At this time the forests were thick and the 
ground was very damp, which caused much ill- 
ness among the people. Mrs. Lincoln became 
very ill and soon died. Poor lonely little chil- 
dren ! Their life had been hard before, but now 
they had no mother to care for them. They 
passed a dreary winter in their cheerless little 
cabin. 





for themselves. 



Abraham Lincoln. 87 

V. A BETTER HOME. 

In about a year Mr. Lincoln went away on a 
journey. In a short time he came back bringing 
with him a stepmother for his children. She had 
her own three children with her, also. 

She came in a two-horse wagon and brought 
furniture such as Abe and his little sister had 
never seen. She had a bureau worth fifty dollars, 
a table, real chairs, and a feather bed. 

There was soon a great change in the lives 
of the lonely little children. Their new mother 
gave them good warm clothes, and they had real 
beds to sleep on. 

She soon asked Mr. Lincoln to put down a 
floor in the cabin. Doors and windows were 
made, and it became a snug little house. 

VI. LINCOLN AT SCHOOL. 

So much work had to be done that there was 
little chance for the children to go to school. 
The schools, when there were any, were often far 
away. The best of them were very poor indeed. 
The teachers knew little and had only a few 
books. 
' Abe went to school whenever it was possible, 



88 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



and learned very fast. He became such a good 

speller that none could beat him in the spelling 

matches. 

He had no slate or paper upon which to work 

his problems, so he made figures with a piece of 
charcoal on a wooden shovel. 
When it was covered, he planed 
them off, and began again. 

How he liked to read ! He 
read over and over again every 
book he could get. He seemed 
able to remember almost every- 
thing he had read. 

Though there was but little 
time to read or study, he used 
in that way what few minutes 
he could get. He carried his 
book to the field, that he might 
read while he was resting. He 

would often read until very late at night. 

If there happened to be no work at home he 

was hired out to the neighbors for twenty-five 

cents a day, and the money was paid to his father. 




I A CURIOUS SLATE. 



Abraham Lincoln. 89 

VII. LINCOLN A YOUNG MAN. 

Now you can see how Abraham spent his boy- 
hood. He did all kinds of hard work about the 
farm. He cut down trees and split rails. He 
helped to plough and plant, to gather the crops 
and go to mill. He helped even in the work 
about the house. 

But amid all this work, he found time to study 
and to read. 

He liked to make speeches and tell stories ; 
and all who listened to him, liked to hear him. 
He grew up to be the tallest and strongest young 
man in the neighborhood. He was perhaps also 
the kindest and gentlest. 

When he was about twenty-one years old, his 
father decided to move to Illinois. Abraham 
went with him. He helped build the new cabin, 
and cut the rails to fence the land. 

As soon as this work was over, the young man 
started out for himself. 

He had not been to school more than a 
year. He had no money, and wore very poor 
clothes. He was tall and rather awkward look- 
ing. 

Does he not seem a long way from the highest 
place in our land ? And yet, you know that he 



90 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



finally held that place. How he did all this 
you will learn by and by. 




ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



When we think of him and of how much he 
did, I am sure we feel that it is worth while to 
do our best — even though we are very poor. 



An Old Settler's Story. 

I. LOST IN THE WOODS. 

One bright autumn day, several pioneers were 
travelling through the wilderness. One of them 
thus writes of the journey: — 

" The driver of our ox-team told us to look at 
the cabin we were passing, as it was the last one 
we should see for forty miles. That was not a 
pleasant idea to the younger members of our 
family. Father and mother seemed to care but 
little, for they were used to the hardships of the 
wilderness. 

" Slowly we passed along the narrow road. The 
forest was beautiful with its many bright colors. 
I was so pleased, that I forgot to watch the sheep 
that had been left in my care for a short time. 
Before I was aware of it, every one of them was 
lost in the woods. 

"John and I started out to look for them. I 
was so anxious to find them, that I wandered too 
far into the woods. I soon saw that I was lost, 

91 



92 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



myself. Horrible thought ! I, all alone in the 
great forest full of wild beasts and Indians! 

" I could hear my heart beat and my eyes became 
dim. There was no beauty in the woods to me 
now. I ran and hallooed till I was hoarse, but 
could hear no answer. 



^^^^^K'^ms:^. 



I 




DRIVING SHEEP. 



" You, who live near many people, can hardly 
think how it would seem to be lost in a trackless 
forest. 

" After a few hours, I was found and brought 
back to the road. We had to leave our sheep 
to the mercy of the wolves, and proceed on our 
journey. 



An Old Settler's Story. 93 

II. 

" At night we camped by the side of the road. 
The rain came down in torrents, and the wind 
roared dismally in the tree-tops. 

" Next morning the men went out into the 
woods for the oxen and other cattle. My little 
brother followed them, but was told to go back 
to the camp. He started, but went in a wrong 
direction. 

" Just as we were ready to go on, we missed 
him. How frightened we were, when we knew 
he was lost ! We called and called, till the woods 
echoed his name for miles around. 

" At last we found him, hidden under some 
underbrush. He had heard us call, but thought 
we were Indians. So he would not answer or 
let himself be seen, until he was sure we were 
friends. 

III. 

" We soon started again on our journey. At 
noon we came to a camp fire, which had hardly 
burned out. It was plain that some other travel- 
lers had just passed here. 

" They had killed and cooked a deer. Having 
^aten what they needed, they had turned the 



94 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



other side of it to the fire to cook, thinking per- 
haps somebody might come that way who would 
be hungry. 

" We were the lucky people who found the din- 
ner in the forest ready cooked for us. How we 
enjoyed the feast ! We wished that we could 
thank our unknown friends, who had done us 
this kindness. Perhaps they were as happy in 
doing it as w^e were in receiving it. 

" As we went on, we soon began to feel the need 
of water. We searched on both sides of the road 
for a spring, but none could be found. 

" There was no water, except the black puddles 
in the horse tracks and wagon ruts. I became 
so very thirsty that at last I shut my eyes and 
drank from this water in the roads. 

" It was not until the next day that we were 
made happy by reaching a sparkling stream. 

" Later we passed an Indian village, which was 
empty at the time. Many wigwams of poles and 
bark were to be seen, but the owners had gone 
off hunting. At the close of another day we 
reached the end of our journey." 



A Story of Early Times. 
I. 

When I was quite a small boy, my father 
moved from Kentucky to the central part of 
Indiana. His friends had said all that they 
could to keep him from doing such a rash thing. 

They told him that the lives of all the family 
would be in danger, and that Indians would never 
let them reach the new country. 

But father had made up his mind to make his 
home in the new "capital in the woods," and 
nothing could change him. 

We parted sadly from our dear friends, who 
shed many tears as they prayed that we might 
be kept safe from the wild Indians. 

All the furniture that we could possibly do 
without had been sold, and the rest, with pro- 
vision for the winter, was p'lt into a large six- 
horse wagon. Beds and bedding, with most of 
the clothing, were carried on the backs of the 
horses. 

The feather beds were placed on the horses 

95 



^6 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

in such a way as to make a good platform, upon 
which my sister and I rode. On the first day, as 
we were going downhill, one horse stumbled, and 
we landed on the rocky road, with the beds on 
top of us. 

We reached the Ohio River in about four days. 
We were ferried over in the skiff, but the horses 
swam across. The only way to get the wagon 
across was to take it to pieces and carry it over 
in a skiff, part at a time. 

The ferryman was a white man who had lived 
most of his life among the Indians, having been 
captured by them when a child. He dressed like 
them, and wore rings in his nose and ears. He 
spoke their language and lived in a hut without 
table, bed, or chair. 

II. 

As we went on our journey, we had to cut 
away the trees so that the wagon could get 
through. At night some of the men watched, 
while the others slept. We felt very thankful 
each morning to find ourselves still safe from the 
Indians. 

In about three weeks we reached the new 
home. Here for the first time I saw a real 
Indian. I had gone to the river with the team- 



A Story of Early Times. 



97 



ster to help water the horses, and had been 
stopped by a stranger to answer a few questions. 
The teamster had gone back to the wagon. I 
started to follow when suddenly I met a " big 
Injun." 

I did not stop to ask him any questions or to 
tell him how warlike he looked. I made about 







as quick time to the wagon as possible. I did 
not look back to see what became of the Indian. 

A friend in this new town to which we had 
come, offered at first to share his cabin with us, 
till we could build one of our own. Then he 
thought of a still better plan for us. 

A man who had raised and covered a cabin 
had gone back for his family. He had cut no 
door or window or place for a chimney. Still 



98 Stcries of Pioneer Life. 

our friend thought we might use the cabin until 
we could build one. 

My father did not wish to cut places for the 
door and window, fearing he might not put them 
where the owner washed. So he pried up two 
corners of the cabin and took out the third log 
from the bottom so that we could climb in and 
out. 

My grandmother was a very short, stout old 
lady, and it caused a great deal of fun to see her 
climb in and out of this cabin. No one enjoyed 
the fun more than the dear old lady herself. 

A few boards were taken from the middle of 
the roof to let the smoke out. The fire was built 
in the centre of the room on the ground which 
served as the floor. 

My mother lined the inside of the walls by 
hanging up rag carpets. This made the house 
quite comfortable for the short time we lived in it. 

The men of the settlement helped my father 
build his cabin, and in a few days it was ready for 
use. 

The fireplace was large enough to take in a 
back-log eight feet long, and a fore-stick ten feet 
in length. There were two doors on opposite 
sides of the house. They were placed in this 
way so that the fires might be built more easily. 



A Story of Early Times. 



99 



One end of a log was placed on a kind of sled 
called a " lizzard," to which a horse was hitched. 
He was driven through the house till the log was 
opposite the fireplace. Then it was rolled into 







grandfather's log cabin. 



the fire, and the horse went out through the 
other door. Two large logs would last a day and 
a night. 

III. 

The first winter in our new home was a very 
cold one. The ground was covered with snow 
from the middle of November till March. Yet 
the settlers seemed contented and had many 
happy times. 

L.QfC. 



loo Stories of Pioneer Life. 

I remember that the wild turkey we had for 
our Christmas dinner was killed within a few 
yards of our door. It was hung in front of the 
great fireplace by a small rope fastened to the 
top of the cabin. A pan was put under it to 
hold the gravy. The heat of the fire kept 
the turkey turning all the time, so that it was 
well cooked. What a feast it made ! 

In the spring my father opened a sugar camp. 
We had been making sugar about two weeks, 
when the Indians came and claimed the right to 
the camp. They told my father to " puc-a-chee," 
which meant "clear out." He did so at once. 

One day my father and I were walking by the 
river. When near the cabin of a settler we heard 
a woman calling, " Help ! Murder ! " 

We ran as fast as we could to find out what 
was the matter. An Indian named " Big Bottle" 
had come to the opposite bank of the river and 
commanded the woman to bring over the canoe 
for him. 

She would not do this, so he plunged into the 
river, and swam across. When we came up he 
was running toward her cabin with his tomahawk 
in his hand. 

As soon as he saw the white men, who rushed 
to her aid, he stopped and said he only meant to 



A Story of Early Times. lOl 

" scare white squaw." He was taken to his own 
side of the river, and told that if he tried to 
" scare white squaw " again, her husband would 
kill him. 

This made him angry, and he took out his 
scalping knife, pointing first to her head, and then 
to his belt, as if he meant to take her scalp. 

For some time the settlers did not feel secure 
from the Indians, and were easily alarmed by 
them. 

IV. 

On the north side of our town, there were 
about a hundred acres of timber which had 
been killed by the caterpillars. All the settlers 
worked together and cleared out the undergrowth. 
This was called the " big field " and each settler 
had his share. It was planted with corn and 
pumpkins. 

A fence of brush was made on the side next 
the town. That was all that was needed, as 
there was no stock likely to come into it from any 
other side. Besides this field shared by all, each 
settler had a " truck patch " of his own near his 
cabin. 

During the first summer, there was much ill- 
ness among the people. At one time, there was 



102 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

hardly a man well enough to hand another a drink 
of water. 

By fall the people were well again, and all 
began getting ready for a great sale of lots which 
was to occur in October. 

For days before the sale, people began coming 
by twos and threes, and even by dozens. There 
seemed to be people of all kinds and from every 
direction. Many brought their own provision 
and camped out. Some slept under trees, using 
their saddles for pillows. 

So many people came, that it seemed as if all 
outdoors could hardly hold them. All were 
waiting for a chance to make their fortunes by 
buying lots in the new " capital in the woods." 

The sale lasted one week, and no trouble of 
any kind occurred. Many people carried gold 
and silver money which they left in leather bags 
wherever they could find shelter. Yet there was 
no robbery, and there seemed to be no fear of 
any. Though they were strangers, yet they 
treated one another as friends. 

And so ended my first year in Indianapolis. 
What changes have come since then can be seen 
by any one who walks the streets of that beautiful 
and prosperous city. 



Grandfather's Story. 

I. THE TRIP DOWN THE RIVER. 

When I was a very small boy I lived on a 
small rocky farm in Pennsylvania. My father 
had a large family of seven children to support. 

He thought he could do better by going West, 
so he traded his farm for a flat-boat, in which 
we were to go down the beautiful Ohio River. 

I was about five years old, and had scarcely 
ever been away from our farm before. I was wild 
with joy when we started, and could not under- 
stand why the grown folks looked sad. I well 
remember the tears that fell from grandma's eyes, 
as she handed baby Betty to my mother when we 
left the old home. 

It seemed to me that we were going into a 
new world. I did not know that it was a hard, 
lonely life we were beginning. Of course, the 
erown folks knew all this. No wonder grand- 
mother s tears fell fast. She could not hope to 
see us again, and she never did. 



103 



I04 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



Our boat was like a house on the water. There 
was another family of several children with us, 
and of course no lack of fun among so many little 
ones. 

How beautiful it was as we drifted slowly 
down the river ! It was in the fall of the year 
and the trees looked like great bouquets. All day 
the boat moved slowly down the stream, but it 
was fastened to the shore at night. 




ON THE SAND BAR. 



Once our boat ran into a sand-bar, and it took 
the men several days to get it off. We children 
were just as happy in the woods as on the 
boat. 

We saw many Indians here, but they were 
friendly and did not wish to hurt us. They 
would look at our baby and say, "White pap- 
poose : squaw or warrior ? " Mother was afraid 
they would steal it, but she need not have feared. 
They did not admire a little, weak, white baby. 



Grandfather* s Story, 



105 



11. THE JOURNEY TO THE NEW HOME. 

After six weeks on the river, we landed at a 
little town which had a store and a blacksmith's 
shop. Its one street was full of stumps. 

Father agreed to trade his boat for some land 
near the centre of the state. He and another 




THE STREET FULL OF STUMPS. 



man tramped off through the woods to build a 
cabin for us. We lived in the boat while they 
were gone. 

After a while he came back for us and we 
started again on our journey — but this time on 
foot. We secured an ox-team and cart to take 
our o-oods to the new home. 

The weather had grown quite cold by this 



io6 Stones of Pioneer Life. 

time, so cold that often I had to run to keep 
warm. At night we built a great log fire near 
our camp. One night it was so cold that mother 
sat up all night near the fire, holding the baby 
on her lap to keep it from freezing. 

Often we had to cut down trees to make a 
way for our wagon through the woods. As we 
travelled, we saw and heard many wild animals. 

All night we could hear the howling of the 
wolves, but we did not fear them because they were 
afraid of the log fire we kept burning near us. 

In the day we could see plenty of deer, tur- 
keys, and squirrels. We could have any of these 
for our dinner that we chose. 

At last we reached our rude log-cabin home, 
and began our life in the new country. 

It took us six days to make the journey. You 
could go as far as that to-day in two hours. 

III. FOOD. 

There was little that you would call comfortable 
in our cabin. We had but one beautiful thing, 
and that was the open fire. The fireplace was 
so large that we could burn great logs in it. As 
they crackled and burned they filled our rude 
home with rosy light. 



Grandfather's Story. 



107 



Of course, all our food was cooked by this open 
fire. Over it swung a great iron crane, on v/hich 
kettles could be hung. Mother had a big iron 
skillet with legs and a heavy lid. She baked 
bread in this by placing coals on the lid and 
under the skillet. 




Sometimes she made a " Johnny cake," which 
was corn bread baked on a board. It was set up 
before the fire until one side was done, and then 
it was turned to let the other side bake. 

I have never since tasted food that seemed so 
good as that cooked before the fire. 

We were always sure of having plenty of meat 



io8 



Stones of Pioneer Life. 



— deer, turkey, bear, or squirrel. The trouble was 
to get bread. Of course, our bread was made of 
corn meal, and we were glad to get that. 




POUNDING THE CORN. 



We had brought some corn with us which we 
hoped would last till we could raise more. Corn 
is usually ground to make meal, but there was 
HP mill near us at first, so we had to pound it, 



Grandfather's Story. 109 

A mortar was made by burning out a stump, and 
the corn was crushed in it by a heavy weight. 

Before the corn became too hard it could be 
grated. A piece of tin was punched full of holes, 
and then bent and fastened to a board. On this 
grater a coarse kind of meal was made which was 
used for mush or corn bread. 

We thought ourselves well off if we had plenty 
of corn bread or hominy and meat. 

We early settlers were always so happy to see 
visitors that any stranger was welcome to come 
to our house and stay as long as he wished. 

When a new family came to live near us, all 
the settlers in the region helped them build their 
cabin. We did all we could for them, and shared 
everything we had with them. 

IV. CLEARING LAND AND RAISING CORN. 

Although it was winter when we reached our 
new home, there was plenty of work to do. Land 
must be cleared that we might raise some corn 
and a few vegetables the next year. 

All day long the axes of my father and big 
brothers could be heard, chopping down the trees. 
Even I could help a little. I could pick up and 
pile the brush. Often father's axe would still be 



no 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



swinging far into the night, as he worked by the 
light of the moon. 

Of all the work in the forest, nothing pleased 
me so much as burning the brush. How the 
flames crackled and shone ! Great clouds of 
smoke rose up amidst the trees still standing. 




FATHER WORKING LATE. 



'/.//■■. :';i ' 



We seemed to be getting along very fast when 
the brush burned up so rapidly. 

After a while we had a " log rolling," with 
which the neighbors came to help. The logs were 
rolled into a great heap and burned. A " log 
rolling" was a kind of party. Everybody came 
from far and near. While the men were rolling 
the logs, the women were cooking, for we always 



Grandfather's Story. Hi 

had a great feast and a merry time after our 
work. 

When spring came, father had cleared enough 
land for a cornfield and a " truck patch " or 
garden. This land could not be ploughed very 
easily, for it was so full of roots. One person 
could hardly drive the horse and hold the plough. 

Although I was still very, young I often sat 
upon old Billy's back and drove, while father held 
the plough. You may think that was great fun, 
but when the plough struck a root, and the hames 
struck me, I thought it was pretty hard. 

When the ground was ready I helped drop the 
corn and father covered it with a hoe. As soon 
as the corn began to come up, there was work 
for all the children. We must get up at day- 
light and watch the corn all day to keep away 
the squirrels and crows. 

They would pull up the young corn to get the 
little grain at the end of the sprout. How they 
knew the little grain was still to be found in the 
ground, I cannot tell ; but they surely did. 

The only way we had to keep them off was by 
running and making as much noise as we could. 
We would beat on old tin pans, and halloo at 
the top of our voices. My good dog Rover aided 
me much with his barking. Several years later 



til 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



I owned a shot-gun and this served my purpose 
better. 

After the grain in the ground was gone, the 
watching was over for a time. When the new 
grains began to grow on the cob, war began once 
more. The crows again came for the corn, and 

we children had 




to frighten 



them 
away. You see 
now how people 
came to have a 
" scare crow " in 
the field. 

The mosquitoes 
that came about 
the cornfield at this 
time were very an- 
noying to us. We 
had to build fires 
to keep them away. 
As you may believe, this work in the cornfield 
was neither easy nor pleasant for us, but how 
glad we were when the " roasting ears " came ! 
Perhaps we enjoyed them all the more, because 
we had worked so hard to protect them. 



A SCARECROW. 



Grandfather's Story. 113 



V. AFTER THE HARVEST. 

After our corn was ripe and gathered in, we 
had another kind of party called a " corn husk- 
ing." All the neighbors for miles around were 
invited to help. Great was the frolic and great 
the fun at such times. 

The men and boys were divided into " sides " 
with captains at the head. Each side worked 
with might and main to husk more corn than the 
other side. 

The captain of the winning side was often 
carried about on the shoulders of his men, amid 
great shouting from the winners. 

After the work was done there was a big sup- 
per, which the women had made ready. You see 
we had our fun and frolics along with our work, 
and we enjoyed them very much. 

After the corn was husked it must be shelled. 
This was the work for evenings and rainy days. 
A big coverlet was laid upon the floor, and all 
hands that were able shelled corn. Often, when 
a child, have I raised a blister on my thumb at 
such work ! 

Some of the cobs were thrown into the fire 
and they kept up a bright blaze. The little chil- 



114 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 




MAKING COB HOUSES. 



dren had great fun making cob houses while the 

larger ones worked. 

When a grist of corn was ready, it must be 

taken to the mill. A sack of corn was thrown 

over the horse's 
back. The same 
amount must be 
put into each end 
of the sack, or by 
and by it would 
slip off the horse. 
The nearest mill 
was several miles 
away. Many times 

I have gone there and waited my turn to have 

our corn ground. There were always a great 

many men and boys about the mill, waiting for 

their grists. Sometimes we had to wait two or 

three days. 

" Going to the mill " was a great pleasure to 

me. I liked the long rides through the woods. 

I liked to talk with other boys and to hear the 

men tell stories. 

You know that we did not see much company 

in our backwoods home. The little trip to the 

mill meant as much to me as a long journey 

would to you. 



Grandfather's Story. 



115 



Once I was coming home from mill late at 
night. I was alone in the darkness of a thick 
forest, more than a mile from any cabin. 

Suddenly I heard a great howling of wolves. 
Very soon I came upon a pack of them snarling 
over a deer they had caught. What could I do! 




GOING TO THE MILL. 



My only pathway was blocked by a number of 
hungry wolves ! 

At first I stood still in terror. Then I left the 
path and felt my way through the thick brush- 
wood on one side as quickly and silently as I 
could, and so reached my home in safety. 

We lived in our new home a number of years 
before we had any wheat. At last father raised 



ii6 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



a small patch, which was cut with a sickle and 
bound into bundles by hand. 

There were no such things as reapers and self- 
binders in those days. When thrashing time 
came, the wheat stalks were spread out and 
pounded with a heavy flail, till the grains rattled 




FANNING AWAY THE CHAFF. 



out. Then the straws were gathered up and 
taken away. 

The wheat and chaff were thrown up into the 
air while two men fanned away the chaff with a 
sheet, and the wheat fell to the ground. Some- 
times, instead of using a flail, horses were driven 
over the wheat to thrash out the grain. 

We felt rich when we were able to have a 
little wheat bread ! We thought it so fine that 
we called it "cake." 



Grandfather's Story. 



117 



VI. SCHOOLS. 

I wish that I could let my little friends peep 
into the schoolhouse of my " boy days." Two 
miles from our home was a little log cabin that 
had once been used as a dwelling, but was now 
our schoolhouse. We followed a " blazed " path 
through the forest to reach it. 




THE BLAZED PATH THROUGH THE WOODS. 

This means that little pieces of bark had been 
cut off some of the trees along our w^ay. When 
we saw such a mark in a tree we went tow^ard 
it. Then we looked for the next tree that was 
" blazed," and so on. In this way we were guided 
to our schoolhouse. 

What an odd little house it would seem to you ! 



ii8 Stones of Pioneer Life. 

It had a stick chimney, clapboard roof, a greased 
paper window, and puncheon floor. Inside, the 
seats were placed around three sides of the room. 
The fireplace was in the fourth side. 

The teacher, or " master," as we called him, sat 
in the middle of the room. On one side of the 
room was a kind of shelf made of a puncheon, 
and high enough to write upon. In front of this 
w^as a bench made also of a puncheon. This 
was the seat for the big scholars. When they 
wished to write they turned their backs toward 
the teacher and wrote upon the shelf. 

On two sides of the room were benches made 
for the little children. They did not need any 
desk. Of course, they could not write ! They 
must study their books all day long. The only 
rest from their study was at the time the " master" 
called them up to " say their lessons." 

What do you suppose their first book was — 
a pretty pictured reader like yours .-^ No indeed; 
it was a spelling book. Each little child must 
begin by learning his " a-b-c's " ! I had not even 
a book from which to learn these at first. One of 
my big brothers made the letters on a board. 
For a long time I carried this to school to study. 

After we had learned our letters we must learn 
to spell " ba, be, bi, bo, bu," and so on. Next we 



Grandfather's Story. 119 

learned to spell little words, then big words and 
bigger words. After that we might begin to read 
very little sentences. We had no drawing or 
writing or sewing or letters or pretty things to 
use at our seats. We had to study our books. 

Do you wonder that it was a long time before 
we learned to read in such a school? It was much 
longer before we learned to write or " cipher." 
But we could spell — that was the chief thing. 

We had what was called a " loud school." The 
" master " would say, " Study your spelling les- 
sons." Then every child in the school would take 
his book and shout, " 1-a la, d-y dy, lady ; s-h-a 
sha, d-y dy, shady," and so on all through his 
lesson. Think, if you can, what a noise that 
would make. 

If the noise grew too great, the master would 
rap on his desk with a ruler and say, " Silence ! " 
Then the noise would become a httle less for a 
time. 

Is it strange that the boys and girls sometimes 
grew^ very tired in this school ? I do not won- 
der that the master kept in sight a number of 
large switches. He used them very often to 
make the children attend to their work. 

Still we had some pleasant times, too, in go- 
ing to these schools. There was the long walk 



I20 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

through the beautiful woods. We learned many 
things there of animals and birds and flowers that 
you have never seen. Then what good times we 
had in being with other children ! 

Ah ! what fun we had at recess ! We had no 
little gravel-covered yard where we dared not run 
for fear of knocking some one down. Instead of 
that, there were the big woods in which we might 
run and play. We could go where we liked, if 
we did not get too far away to hear the master 
call, " Books ! " That was his way of ringing the 
recess bell. 

Then there were the long noons every day! 
Of course, we all brought our dinners, as it was 
too far to go home. When it was pleasant 
weather we could eat in the woods. 

Such fun as we had playing games ! Little 
girls played " King William," " Blackman," " Hide 
and Seek," and other games. The old trees made 
the best of hiding places. 

The boys, of course, took more pleasure in play- 
ing ball, climbing trees, jumping, racing, and 
so on. 

Our school lasted only a few months in the 
year. We could not always go, even when the 
school was open. The big boys and girls must 
stay at home when there was work to do. They 



Grandfather*s Storv. 



121 



could go only on rainy days, or when there was 
no work. 

Sometimes there was a school for a few weeks 
in summer. Only the little children went then, 
for, of course, this was the time when all the big 
ones had to work hard. 




THE BEST HIDING PLACE. 

A woman taught this school. People thought 
a woman could not teach big boys, because she 
was not strong enough to " thrash " them. 

I fear that many of the children learned but 
little in our old-time schools. The bright ones 
would learn pretty fast, as the master heard them 
say their lessons as often as they wished. The 
slow ones learned almost nothing. 

Often children would go to school all that they 



122 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



could for several years and not be able to read 
as well as you can after going one year. Per- 
haps they would have to leave school and go to 
work when they had not learned enough to be 
able to read a story or write a letter. 



VII. CLOTHING. 

You have seen how we got our food in our 
pioneer homes. We also provided our clothes 




'^' ^^^^"^Vl>jiMSii«i'(*)\^" 



SHEARING SHEEP. 

by our own work. In the earliest times much 
clothing was made of deerskin. Later, we made 
cloth of wool, when we were able to protect our 
sheep from the wolves. 

We children watched the making of our 



Grandfather's Story. 123 

clothes from the time the wool was cut from 
the sheep till the garments were ready to 
wear. 

Father washed the sheep and cut off the wool. 
Mother carded and spun it, then wove and 
colored it, and made it into clothes for us. 

Our summer clothing was made from flax. 
This we raised ourselves and obtained a kind of 
thread from its stem. There were many parts of 
the work in which we children could help. 

Our shoes, like our clothes, were made at home. 
At first father made them for his own family. In 
later times a shoemaker travelled from house to 
house, making shoes for us all. 

It was very hard to provide shoes for all the 
family. Often the little children went barefooted. 
They had to stay in the house in very cold 
weather. Many grown people also had no shoes. 

Would it not seem queer to see a young lady 
walk to church barefooted ? I have often seen 
that. She carried her shoes with her, stopping 
just before she reached the church to put them 
on. That was a good plan, especially if there 
was a stream to wade on the way. It was a good 
way to save shoes, too. 

We knew how hard it was to get our clothes, 
^o we took good care of them. They were not 



124 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

so fine or so pretty as yours, but they were warm 
and comfortable, and we were satisfied with them. 



VIII. LACK OF CONVENIENCES. 

You have many things in your houses that we 
had not. Perhaps you can hardly see how we 
did without them. What" do you think you 
would do if you had no matches ? I never saw 
a match when I was a child. 

We did not often let the fire in the biof fire- 
place go out. At night we covered up the coals 
with ashes. In the morning the live coals were 
raked out and more wood was put on. 

If the fire went out, we would go to the nearest 
neighbor, perhaps a mile away, to " borrow fire." 
This means that we brought home a few live 
coals covered with ashes. 

There was another way of starting a fire. We 
had a kind of hard stone called flint. When we 
struck it with a piece of steel, the sparks flew. 
We let these fall on a bunch of tow, which would 
burn readily. This would start the punk with 
which we kindled a fire. 

We had no gas or lamps, and when I can first 
remember, not even candles to light our houses. 
The light from the fireplace was usually all we 



Grandfather's Story. 125 

needed. We had a kind of lamp that looked 
like a dish with a rag in it ; in this we burned 
melted lard. 

Sometimes a turnip was scraped out and used 
to hold the lard. Was not that a queer lamp ? 
It gave about as much light as a match. Later 
we made candles and thought them very fine. 

In the early days we told the time of day by 
the sun, for w^e had no clocks or watches. Often 
I have looked at the shadow on the floor to tell 
what time it was. On cloudy days, of course, we 
could only guess at the time. 

The sun told us direction also, as well as time. At 
night we could tell north by the north star. If 
we were lost in the woods, there was another way 
to tell which was north. We had only to look at 
the trees, to see upon which side the moss grew. 
It grows upon the north side, for it likes the 
shade better than the sunshine. 

IX. MONEY. 

Does it seem strange to you that we rarely 
saw money ? What use had we for money ? 
There was little need for us to buy anything. 
We made our own clothes, as well as the cloth 
from which they were made. We got our food 



126 



Stones of Pioneer Life. 



from the forest or from our own " truck patch." 
We made our own houses and what was in 
them. 

There were at first no stores from which to 
buy. A little later we traded articles with other 
people, just as children exchange their play- 
things. 

There were some things which people would 
always take in trade, such as furs. The skins of 
raccoons would be taken for work or goods as 
money is now. Four " coon- 
skins " were equal to a dollar. 
Then there were some 
kinds of roots that would al- 
ways pass just as money will 
now. This was true of 
ginseng, which was called 
" sang." People spent much 
time digging "sang." Would 
it not seem queer to you 
to dig up money from the 
ground ? 

We had a few foreign coins. There was one 
called a fip, worth about six and one-fourth cents. 
Another, worth twelve and one-half cents, was 
called a bit. We had a big copper cent about 
the size of a silver half-dollar. 




COONSKIN. 



Grandfather's Story. 



127 



By and by we had our own American money. 
If we had not the right change, a piece of money 





A FIP, WORTH 61 CENTS. 



A BIT, WORTH I2J CENTS. 



These were silver coins about the size of our present i-cent and 5-cent pieces. These 
drawings are somewhat larger to show the detail. 

was often cut into two or four pieces. It has 
been only a few years since I saw this cut 
money. 

X. PIONEER PREACHERS. 

Of course, there were no churches among us 
at first ; and such a thing as a Sunday school 
was not thought of. We had our meetings in 
some cabin, or out under the trees. Later we 
had our little log churches built like the houses. 

Sometimes a travelling preacher visited us. The 
people would come for miles and miles to hear 
him preach. 

The preacher was a hunter and a pioneer like 
the rest of us. It was no easy task for him to 
go about from place to place, through the thick 
woods and muddy swamps. Yet he was brave 



128 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



and cheerful, and might be heard singing hymns 
at the top of his voice, as he went on his lonely 
way. 

He went on horseback and carried his rifle and 
blanket with him. At night he would often be 
far from any settlement. Then he rolled himself 




mmmimmi 

A TRAVELLING PREACHER. 



up in his blanket, and slept on the ground near 
his camp fire. 

He needed his rifle to protect him from un- 
friendly Indians, and to kill game for food. He 
carried punk and flint and tow with him, that he 
might make a fire to cook his food. 

Once a preacher was going through the woods 
on a cold, rainy day. He had made a fire, after 
much trouble, and cooked his last bit of meat. 



Grandfather's Story. 129 

Just as he sat down to eat his dinner, five Indians 
appeared. The preacher saw that they looked 
hungry, and that they expected him to give them 
something to eat. He did so, and they ate it all, 
grunting their thanks as they walked off. 

Tired, wet, and hungry, the preacher spent the 
rest of the day trying to find some food for him- 
self. Just before night the Indians appeared 
again, saying, " White man give Indian to eat ; 
Indian give white man to eat." They made a 
fire and gave him quite a feast. They took care 
of him that night, and gave him food to carry 
with him next day. 

When 'these preachers came to any settlement 
they were made very welcome. Even the poorest 
pioneer was glad to share all he had with them. 
People listened to their preaching with great 
interest and respect. 

XL MAILS — DIFFICULTIES OF TRADE. 

It was a great thing for our town when we 
began to get mail regularly. At first, the letters 
were brought twice a month by men on horse- 
back. They carried little horns, which they 
blew loudly as they came into town. How the 
people would flock out to meet them. Every- 



IJO 



Stories of Pioneer Life. 



body hoped to get a letter from some one " Back 
East." 

The mail carriers often had to swim all the 
streams in their way. Sometimes they were 
several days behind time, on account of high 
water. I have often seen the postmaster spread- 
ing the mail out in the sun to dry. 




CARRYING THE MAILS. 



It is a very good thing for people in a new 
country to be able even to hear from the older 
states once in a while. But that is not enough. 
There must be some way for people to go easily 
from place to place. They must have some way 
of taking their goods to market. 

In some parts of the country canals had been 
dug, hundreds of miles long. Boats were drawn 



Grandfather's Story. 



131 



on these by horses driven along a towpath by the 
side of the canal. This made a safe though a 
slow wa}^ of travel. 




lU\Vi:sG CANAL BUAl S. 



By and by, steamboats were invented, and they 
came regularly down the Ohio River, instead of 
the flat-boats of earlier times. 

But we, who lived away from any large river, 
had a much harder time. If we had anything to 
sell, it was hard to take it to market. A man 
who had hogs to sell would walk seventy-five or 
one hundred miles, driving them. After they 
were sold, he walked home again. 

Not far from us was a river, down which we 
sometimes took our produce in a small flat- 
boat. We sold both the goods and the boat, and 
walked home. Think of the time and trouble 
such a trip meant. 

I have sometimes carried eo^ofs to town to sell. 
Each egg was wrapped by itself in a piece of 



132 Stones of Pioneer Life. 

tow. They were all put into a sack, which was 
placed on a horse's back. Of course the horse 
must walk all the way to keep the eggs from break- 
ing. Perhaps it would take all day to go to the 
nearest store and back, just to sell a few eggs. 

XII. ROADS, NEW SETTLERS, STAGES. 

People soon began to feel that we must have 
better roads. We had a kind of road called 
corduroy, which was made by throwing logs 
down crosswise into the road. The logs kept 
wagons from sinking so deep into the mud that 
they could not get out. The wagon went with a 
jolt from one log to the next. That was pretty 
rough riding, as you may know. 

These roads were afterward made into pikes 
which were much better for travellers. As the 
roads became better, new settlers began to flock 
into the country. 

Every day numbers of moving-wagons could 
be seen bringing families to the new country. 
They came in groups, or long trains, but not often 
alone. 

The wagons were drawn by three or four 
horses, and were covered with canvas or bed 
quilts. Furniture and feather beds were sticking 



Grandfather's Story. 133 

out on all sides, and often little children peeped 
out also. 

By the side of each wagon walked a sturdy 
man, driving the horses. Perhaps his wife 
walked near him, carrying a baby. Other chil- 
dren followed, driving the cows and sheep. At 
night the movers camped out like an army. 

This is the way moving was done only a few 
years ago. 

By and by there began to be regular modes 
of travel, by means of a stage. Four strong- 
horses pulled this big, heavy stage. It had a 
regular route, and stopped at places along the 
road, called inns. Here people could get meals 
or spend the night. Here the horses were 
changed, and a fresh team started out. 

The driver sat on top of the stage and carried 
a horn with him, which he blew very loudly as 
the stage came into town. Everybody was glad 
to see it come in. It was the event of the day. 
How interesting every traveller was ! Perhaps 
he had come from a great distance. 

The stages also carried the mails to the larger 
towns. The horseback riders took the mail only 
to such towns as the stage did not visit. 



134 Stories of Pioneer Life. 

XIII. CARS — TELEGRAPH. 

Little by little our life in the new country 
began to change. As we could travel about 
better, it was easier to sell what we raised and 
to buy what we needed. We no longer had to 
make everything for ourselves. In this way we 
had less work to do at home. 

One day we heard of the wonderful steam cars. 
We were told they could go ten miles an hour. 
People said they ran so smoothly that we could 
not only read but we could write in them ! 

Before long a railroad was commenced in our 
own state. It took a long time to build it, but at 
last the road reached the town near us. On a 
certain day the great steam horse was to come 
into that town for the first time. What a great 
day it was ! 

Everybody who could do so went to see the 
cars come in. For a long distance the track 
was lined with people. Even now I seem to hear 
the buzz of voices of the waiting crowd. 

At last we could just see the engine far away 
in the distance. What a frightful thing it was, 
as it came rushing up the iron track with a great 
noise ! It seemed like a big wild animal running 
away. 



Grandfather*s Story. 13 j 

It was received by shouts from the crowd. A 
speech was made from the top of a car at the 
depot. There was music by the band, and the 
day closed wdth fireworks. 

I well remember my first ride on the cars. It 
seemed as if I were in a wagon with the horses 
running away, and no one holding the lines. 




AN OLD-FASHIONED TRAIN OF CARS. 

Of course, the cars did not go so fast then as 
they do now. The roads were not so smooth, and 
the cars were not so elegant. You would think 
our first cars very rough and slow ; but they 
seemed very fine and swift to us. 

Several years later the telegraph first came to 
our town. One old settler remarked as he heard 
the message read, " Well, John, old Jerry has 
lived to see the day when a streak of lightning 
can be made to run along a clothesline, just like 



136 Stones of Pioneer Life. 

some wild animal along a worm fence, and carry 
news from one end of the earth to the other ! " 

And now we were no longer alone in the back- 
woods. We could hear in a few minutes what 
was happening all over the world. We could 
readily send our goods to market. We could get 
money for them, and buy goods that came from 
far awayc We could go back to our old homes 
in the East more easily than we could travel 
twenty miles when we first came. 

The coming of the cars and telegraph brought 
rapid changes to our new country. Now we can 
have nearly the same pleasures and advantages 
that people have in the older states. 

You could not have had all these good things, 
had some one not lived here before you, who 
worked hard and did without much which you 
think necessary. Do not forget this, when you 
see the white-haired pioneers who are still here. 

The brave, true lives of these hardy men and 
women have made this beautiful country possi- 
ble. There is no better thing to do than to live 
so that other people will be happier because of 
your life. 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



Elementary English, 



Badlam's Suggestive Lessons in Language and Reading, a manual for pri- 
mary teachers. Plain and practical. $1.50. 

Badlam's Suggestive Lessons in Language. Being Part i and Appendix of 

Suggestive Lessons in Language and Reading. 50 cts. 

Benson's Practical Speller. Contains nearly 13,000 words. Part I, 261 Lessons, 
18 cts.; Part II, 270 Lessons, 18 cts. Parts I and II bound together, 25 cts. 

Benson and Glenn's Speller and Definer. Seven hundred spelling and defining 
lists. 40 cts. 

Branson's Methods in Reading. With a chapter on spelling. 15 cts. 

Buckbee's Primary Word Book. Embraces thorough drills in articulation and in 
the primary difficulties of spelling and sound. 25 cts. 

Fuller's Phonetic Drill Charts. Exercises in elementary sounds. Per set (3 charts) 
10 cents. 

Hall's How to Teach Reading. Treats the important question : what children should 
and should not read. Paper. 25 cts. 

Hyde's Lessons in English, Book I. For the lower grades. Contains exercises 
for reproduction, picture lessons, lettei writing, uses of parts of speech, etc. 35 cts. 

Hyde's Lessons in English, Book II. For Grammar schools. Has enough tech- 
nical grammar for correct use of language. 50 cts. 

Hyde's Lessons in English, Book II with Supplement. Has, in addition to 

the above, 118 pages of technical grammar. 60 cts. Supplement bound alone, 30 cts. 

Hyde's Practical English Grammar. For advanced classes in grammar schools 
and for high schools. 50 cts. 

Hyde's Derivation of Words, with exercises on prefixes, suffixes, and stems. 10 cts. 

Mathews's Outline of English Grammar, with Selections for Practice. 

The application of principles is made through composition of original sentences. 70 cts. 

Penniman's Common Words Difficult to Spell. Graded list of 3500 common 

words. 20 cts. 

Penniman's Prose Dictation Exercises. For drill in spelling, punctuation and use 

of capitals. 25 cts. 

Phillips's History and Literature in Grammar Grades. An essay showing 

the intimate relation of the two subjects. 15 cts. 

Sever's Progressive Speller. Gives spelling, pronunciation, definition, and use o( 
words. Vertical script is given for script lessons. 25 cts. 

Smith's Studies in Nature, and Language Lessons. A combination of object 

lessons with language work. 50 cts. Part I bound separately, 25 cts. 

Spalding's Problem of Elementary Composition. Practical suggestions for 

work in grammar grades. 40 cts. 

See also our lists of books in Higher English, English Classics^ 
Supplementary Reading, and English Literature, 

D. C. HEATH & CO.,Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago 



Elementary Mathematics 



AtWOOd'S Complete Graded Arithmetic. Presents a carefully graded course, to 

begin with the fourth year and continue through the eighth year. Part I, 30 cts.; Part 

II, 65 cts. 
Badlam's Aids to Number. Teacher's edition — First series, Nos. i to 10, 40 cts.;. 

Second series, Nos. 10 to 20, 40 cts. Pupil's edition — First series, 25 cts.; Second 

series, 25 cts. 

Branson's Methods in Teaching Arithmetic, is cts. 

Hanus's Geometry in the Grammar Schools. An essay, with outline of work for 

the last three years of the grammar school. 25 cts. 
HOWland's Drill Cards. For middle grades in arithmetic. Each, 3 cts.; per hun- 
dred, ;^2.4o. 

Hunt's Geometry for Grammar Schools. The definitions and elementary con- 
cepts are to be taught concretely, by much measuring, and by the making of models 
and diagrams by the pupils. 30 cts. 

Pierce's Review Number Cards. Two cards, for second and third year pupils. 

Each, 3 cts.; per hundred, $2.40. 

Safford's Mathematical Teaching. A monograph, with applications. 25 cts. 
Sloane's Practical Lessons in Fractions. 25 cts. Set of six fraction cards, fo. 

pupils to cut, 10 cts. 

Sutton and Kimbrough's Pupils' Series of Arithmetics. Lower Book, for 

primary and intermediate grades, 35 cts. Higher Book, 65 cts. 

The New Arithmetic. By 300 teachers. Little theory and much practice. An excel- 
lent review book. 65 cts. 

Walsh's Arithmetics. On the "spiral advancement" plan, and perfectly graded. 
Special features of this series are its division into half-yearly chapters instead of the 
arrangement by topics; the great number and variety of the problems ; the use of the 
equation in solution of arithmetical problems ; and the introduction of the elements of 
algebra and geometry. Its use shortens and enriches the course in common school 
mathematics. In two series : — 
Three Book Series — Elementary, 30 cts.; Intermediate, 35 cts.; Higher, 65 cts. 
Two Book Series — Primary, 30 cts.; Grammar school, 65 cts. 

Walsh's Algebra and Geometry for Grammar Grades. Three chapters from 

Walsh's Arithmetic printed separately. 15 cts. 
White's Two Years with Numbers. For second and third year classes. 35 cts. 
White's Junior Arithmetic. For fourth and fifth years. 45 cts. 

White's Senior Arithmetic. 65 cts. 

For advanced works see our list of books in Mathetnatics. 

D.C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago 



Elementary Science. 



Austin's Observation Blanks in Mineralogy. Detailed studies of 35 miaerala. 

Boards. 88 pages. 30 cts. 

Bailey's Grammar School Physics, a series of inductive lessons in the elements 

of the science. Illustrated. 60 cts. 

Ballard's The World of Matter, a guide to the study of chemistry and mineralogy; 
adapted to the general reader, for use as a text-book or as a guide to the teacher in givmg 
object-lessons. 264 pages. Illustrated. $1.00. 

Clark's Practical Methods in Microscopy. Gives in detail descriptions of methods 

that will lead the careful worker to successful results. 233 pages. Illustrated. $1.60. 

Clarke's Astronomical Lantern, intended to familiarize students with the constella- 
tions by comparing them with fac-similes on the lantern face. With seventeen slides, 
giving twenty-two constellations. $4 50. 

Clarke's How to find the Stars. Accompanies the above and helps to an acquaintance 
■with the constellations. 47 pages. Paper. 15 cts. 

Guides for Science Teaching. Teachers' aids in the instruction of Natural History 
classes in the lower grades. 

I. Hyatt's About Pebbles. 26 pages. Paper. 10 cts. 
II. Goodale's A Few Common Plants. 61 pages. Paper. 20 cts, 

III. Hyatt's Commercial and other Sponges. Illustrated. 43 pages. Paper. 20 cts. 

IV. Agassiz's First Lessons in Natural History. Illustrated, 64 pages. Paper. 

25 cts, 
V. Hyatt's Corals and Echinoderms. Illustrated, 32 pages. Paper, 30 cts. 
VI. Hyatt's Mollusca. Illustrated. 65 pages. Paper, 30 cts. 
VII. Hyatt's Worms and Crustacea. Illustrated. 68 pages. Paper. 30 cts. 
VIII. Hyatt's Insecta. Illustrated. 324 pages. Cloth. $1.25. 
XII. Crosby's Common Minerals and Rocks. Illustrated. 200 pages. Paper, 40 
cts. Cloth, 60 cts. 

XIII. Richard's First Lessons in Minerals, 50 pages. Paper. 10 cts. 

XIV. Bowditch's Physiology. 58 pages. Paper. 20 cts. 

XV. Clapp's 36 Observation Lessons in Minerals. 80 pages. Paper. 30 cts. 
XVI. Phenix's Lessons in Chemistry. 20 cts. 
Pupils' Note-Book to accompany No. 15. 10 cts. 

Rice's Science Teaching in the School, with a course of instruction in science 

for the lower grades. 46 pages. Paper. 25 cts. 

Ricks'S Natural History Object Lessons. Supplies information on plants and 
their products, on animals and their uses, and gives specimen lessons. Fully illustrated 
332 pages. ^1.50. 

Ricks's Object Lessons and How to Give them. 

Volume I. Gives lessons for primary grades. 200 pages. 90 cts. 

Volume II. Gives lessons for grammar and intermediate grades. 212 pages. 90 cts. 

Shaler's First Book in Geology. For high school, or highest class in grammar schooL 
272 pages. Illustrated. $1,00. 

Shaler's Teacher's Methods in Geology. An aid to the teacher of Geology. 

74 pages. Paper. 25 cts. 

Smith's Studies in Nature. A combination of natural history lessons and language 
work. 48 pages. Paper. 15 cts. 

Sfg also our list of books in Science, 

D. C. HEATH &CO.,Publishers,Boston, New York, Chicago 



English Literature. 



The Arden Shakespeare. The plays in their literary aspect, each with introduction, inte* 

pretative notes, glossary, and essay on metre. 25 cts. 

Burke's American Orations. (A. J. George.) Five complete selections. 50 cts. 

Burns's Select Poems. (A.J.George.) 118 poems chronologically arranged, with intro. 
duction, notes and glossary. Illustrated. 75 cts. 

Coleridge's Principles of Criticism. (A.J. George.) From the Biographia Literaria. 
With portrait. 60 cts. 

Cook's Judith. With introduction, translation, and glossary. Cloth. 170 pages. $i.oa 
Student' s Edition, without translation. Paper. 104 pages. 30 cts. 

Cook's The Bible and English Prose Style. 40 cts. 

Corson's Introduction to Browning. A guide to the study of Browning's poetry. Also 
has 33 poems with notes. With portrait of Browning, ^i-oo- 

Corson's Introduction to the Study of Shakespeare. A critical study of Shakespeare's 

art, with comments on nine plays. $1.00. 

Davidson's Prolegomena to Tennyson's In Memoriam. A critical analysis, with an index 
of the poem. 50 cts. 

DeQuincey's Confessions of an Opium Eater. (G. A. Wauchope.) A complete and 

scholarly edition. 50 cts. 
Hall's Beowulf. A metrical translation. 75 cts. Student's edition, 30 cts. 
Hawthorne and Lemmon's American Literature. Contains sketches, characterization.Sj 

and selections. Illustrated with portraits. $1.12. 

Hodgkins's Nineteenth Century Authors. Gives full list of aids for library study of 26 
authors. A separate pamphlet on each author. Price, 5 cts. each, or $3.00 per hun- 
dred. Complete in cloth. 60 cts. 

Meiklejohn's History of English Language and Literature. For high schools and 
colleges. A compact and reliable statement of the essentials. 80 cts. 

Moulton'sFourYears of Novel-Reading. A reader's guide, sects. 

Moulton's Literary Study of the Bible. An account of the leading forms of literature 
represented, without reference to theological matters. $2.00. 

Plumptre's Translation of Aeschylus. With biography and appendix. $1.00, 

Plumptre's Translation of Sophocles. With biography and appendix. $1.00. 

Shelley's Prometheus Unbound. (Vida D. Scudder.) With introduction and notes 
60 cts. 

Simonds's Introduction to the Study of English Fiction. With illustrative selections. 
Sects. .5r/(?/^rjE"^/V/^«, without illustrative selections. Boards, sects. 

Simonds's Sir Thomas Wyatt and his Poems. With biography, and critical analysis of 
his poems, sects. 

Webster's Speeches. (A.J.George.) Nine select speeches with notes. 75 cts. 

Wordsworth's Prefaces and Essays on Poetry. (A. J. George.) Contains the best of 
Wordsworth's prose. 50 cts. 

Wordsworth's Prelude. (A. J. George.) Annotated for high schools and colleges. Never 
before published alone. 75 cts. 

Selections from Wordsworth. (A. J. George.) 168 poems chosen with a view to illus- 
trate the growth of the poet's mind and art. 75 cts. 

See also our list of books in Higher Eiiglish and En^ish Classics. 

D, C. HEATH h CO., Publishers, Boston, NewYork, Chicago 



Higher English. 



Bray's History of English Critical Terms. A vocabulary of 1400 critica 

terms used in literature and art, with critical and historical data for their study 
Cloth. 351 pages, ^i.oo. 

Cook's Judith. With introduction, translation and glossary. Cloth. 170 pages 
^i.oo. Student's Edition, W\i\io\itixd.n?>\^ivon. Paper. 104 pages. 30 cents. 

Hall's Beowulf. A metrical translation of this ancient epic. Octavo. 118 pages. 
Cloth, 75 cents. Paper, 30 cents. 

Kluge and Lutz's English Etymology. A select glossary for use in the 
study of historical grammar. Cloth. 242 pages. 60 cents. 

MacEwan's The Essentials of Argumentation. A systematic discussion of 
principles, with illustrative extracts; full analysis of several masterpieces, 
and a list of propositions for debate. Cloth. 430 pages. ^1.12. 

MeiklejOhn's The English Language. Part I— EngUsh Grammar ; Part II — 
Composition and Versification; Part III— History of the English Lan- 
guage; Part IV— History of English Literature. Cloth. 396 pages. ^1.20. 

MeiklejOhn's English Grammar. Contains Part I and II of Meiklejohn's The 
English Language, with exercises. Cloth. 276 pages. 80 cents. 

O'Conor'S Rhetoric and Oratory. A manual of precepts and principles, with 
masterpieces for analysis and study. Cloth. 352 pages. ^1.12. 

Pearson's The Principles of Composition, Begins with the composition 

as a whole. Paragraphs, sentences and words are treated later, and in this 

order. Cloth. 165 pages. 50 cents. 
Strang's Exercises in English. Examples in Syntax, Accidence, and Style, 

for criticism and correction. New edition, revised and enlarged. Cloth. 160 

pages. 45 cents. 
William's Composition and Rhetoric. Concise, practical, and thorough, with 

little theory and much practice. Cloth. 344 pages. 90 cents. 

Monographs on English. 
Bowen's Historical Study of the 0-vowel. Cloth. 109 pp. ... ^1.23 
Genung's Study of Rhetoric in the College Course. Paper. 32 pp. . . .25 

Hempl's Chaucer's Pronunciation. Stiff Paper. 39 pp o^ 

Huffcut's English in the Preparatory School. Paper 28 pp. . . . -25 
Woodward's Study of English. Paper. 25 pp 25 

See also our list of books in Elementary English, 
English Literature and English Classics, 

D. C. HEATH & CO.,Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago 



Mathematics 



Barton's Theory of Equations. A treatise for college classes. $1.50. 

Bowser's Academic Algebra. For secondary schools. $1.12. 

Bowser's College Algebra. A full treatment of elementary and advanced topics. $1.50. 

Bowser's Plane and Solid Geometry. $1.25. Plane, bound separately. 75 cts. 

Bowser's Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. 90 cts.; with tables, $1.40. 

Bowser's Treatise on Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. An advanced work for col- 
leges and technical schools. $1.50. 

Bowser's Five-Place Logarithmic Tables. 50 cts. 

Fine's Number System in Algebra. Theoretical and historical. $1.00. 

Gilbert's Algebra Lessons. Three numbers : No. i, to Fractional Equations; No. 2. 
through Quadratic Equations; No. 3, Higher Algebra. Each number, per dozen, $1.44. 

Hopkins's Plane Geometry. Follows the inductive method. 75 cts. 

Rowland's Elements of the Conic Sections. 75 cts. 

Lefevre'S Number and its Algebra, Introductory to college courses in algebra. $1.25. 

Lyman's Geometry Exercises. Supplementary work for drill. Per dozen, $1.60. 

McCurdy's Exercise Book in Algebra. A thorough drill book. 60 cts. 

Miller's Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. For colleges and technical schools. $1.15. 
With six-place tables, $1.40. 

Nichol'S Analjrtic Geometry. A treatise for college courses. $1.25. 

Nichols's Calculus. Differential and Integral. $2.00. 

Osborne's Differential and Integral Calculus. $2.00. 

Peterson and Baldwin's Problems in Algebra. For texts and reviews. 30 cts. 

Robbins'S Surveying and Navigation. A brief and practical treatise. 50 cts. 

Schwatt's Geometrical Treatment of Curves. $1.00. 

Waldo's Descriptive Geometry. A large number of problems systematically arranged and 

with suggestions. 80 cts. 
Wells's Academic Arithmetic. With or without answers. $1.00. 
Wells's Essentials of Algebra. For secondary schools. $1.10. 
Wells's Academic Algebra. With or without answers. $1.08. 
Wells's New Higher Algebra. For schools and colleges. $1.32. 
Wells ' s Higher Algebra. $1.32. 
Wells's University Algebra. Octavo. $1.50. 

Wells's College Algebra. $1.50. Part II, beginning with quadratics. $1.32. 
Wells's Essentials of Geometry. (1899.) $1.25. Plane, 75 cts. Solid, 75 cts. 
Wells's Elements of Geometry. Revised. (1894.) $1.25. Plane, 75 cts.; Solid, 75 cts. 
Wells's New Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. For colleges and technical schools. 

$1.00. With six place tables, $1.25. With Robbins's Surveying and Navigation, $1.50. 
Wells's Complete Trigonometry. Plane and Spherical. 90 cts With tables, ^1.08. 

Plane, bound separately, 75 cts. 
Wells's New Six-Place Logarithmic Tables. 60 cts. 
Wells's Four-Place Tables. 25 cts. 

For Arithmetics see 9ur list of books in Elemtntary Mathematics. 

D.C.HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago 



Science. 



Ballard's World of Matter. A guide to mineralogy and chemistry. $i.oo. 

Benton's Guide to General Chemistry. A manual for the laboratory. 35 cts. 

Boyer's Laboratory Manual in Biology. An elementary guide to the laboratory study 
of animals and plants. 80 cts. 

Chute's Physical Laboratory Manual. A well-balanced course in laboratory physics, re- 
quiring inexpensive apparatus. Illustrated. 80 cts. 

Chute's Practical Physics. For high schools and colleges. $1.12. 

Clark's Methods in Microscopy. This book gives in detail descriptions of methods that 
will lead any careful worker to successful results in microscopic manipulation. $1.60. 

Coif 8 Chemical Arithmetic. With a short system of analysis, sects. 

Colton's Physiology. Experimental and descriptive. For high schools and colleges. Illus- 
trated. $1.12. 

Colton's Physiology, Briefer Course. For earlier years in high schools. Illustrated, co cts. 

Colton's Practical Zoology. Gives a clear idea of the subject as a whole by the careful 
study of a lew typical animals. 80 cts. 

Grabfield and Burns'S Chemical Problems. For review and drill. Paper. 25 cts. 

Hyatt's Insecta. Illustrated. $1.25. 

Orndorff' s Laboratory Manual. Contains directions for a course of experiments in 
Organic Chemistry, arranged to accompany Remsen's Chemistry. Boards. 35 cts. 

Remsen's Organic Chemistry. An introduction to the study of the compounds of carbon. 
For students of the pure science, or its application to arts. $1.20. 

Roberts's Stereo-Chemistry. Its development and present aspects. $x.co 

Sanford's Experimental Psychology. Parti. Sensation and Perception. $1.50. 

Shaler's First Book in Geology. For high school, or highest class in grammar schoof 
$1.00. Bound in boards for supplementary reader. 60 cts. 

Shepard's Inorganic Chemistry. Descriptive and qualitative; experimental and indue 
tive; leads the student to observe and think. For high schools and colleges. $1.12. 

Shepard's Briefer Course in Chemistry, with chapter on Organic Chemistry. For schools 
giving a half year or less to the subject, and schools limited in laboratory facilities. 80 cts. 

Shepard's Laboratory Note-Book. Blanks for experiments; tables for the reactions of 
metallic salts. Can be used with any chemistry. Boards. 35 cts. 

Spalding's Introduction to Botany. Practical exercises in the study of plants by the 
laboratory method. 80 cts. 

Stevens's Chemistry Note-Book. Laboratory sheets and cover, with separate cover for 
permanent file. 50 cts. 

Venable's Short History of Chemistry. $1.00. 

Whiting's Physical Measurement. I. Fifty measurements in Density, Heat, Light, and 
Sound. II. Fifty measurements in Sound, Dynamics, Magnetism, Electricity. Ill, 
Principles and Methods of Physical Measurement, Physical Laws and Principles, and 
Mathematical and Physical Tables. IV, Appendix, Parts I-IV, in one vol,, $4.00, 

Whiting's Mathematical and Physical Tables. Paper, sects. 

Williams's Modem Petrography. Paper, 25 cts. 

For elementary works see our list of 
books in Elementary Science. 

D.CeHEATH l^ CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago. 



Mu 



SIC, 



Whiting's Public School Music Course. Six books, forming a complete course for 

each class from primary to highest grammar grades. Books I to V, Boards, each 25 

cents. Book VI. Boards. 54 cents. 

" For a general, all-round, well balanced system, capable of use in all schools, 
taught by the school-room teachers, for sweetness and completeness of general 
musical culture, the Whiting System is by far the most satisfactory." — L. H. Jones, 
Supt. of Schools, Cleveland, O. 

Whiting's Sixth Music Reader, Girh' Edition. Designed for use in the last years 
of the grammar school, girls' high schools, ladies' seminaries, and colleges. 34 cents. 

Whiting's Complete Music Reader. A complete course for high school, academies, 
etc. Boards. Octavo. 75 cents. 

Whiting's Part-Song and Chorus Book. For high and other schools. Vocal exer- 
cises; solfeggios; three- and four-part songs (for mixed and female voices); sacred 
choruses, etc. Boards. Octavo, 96 cents. 

Whiting's Young People's Song-Book, a text-book for ungraded schools. Contains 
complete elementary course, with songs, choruses, hymns and patriotic selections. 
Boards. 35 cents. 

Whiting's Music Charts. First Series, 30 charts, bound, $6.00. Second Series, 14 
charts, bound, $3.00. (Easel for Music Charts, $1.50.) 

Emerson's School and College Hymnal. Hymns, patriotic songs, and responsive 
Scripture readings. Square 8vo. Cloth. 50 cents. Boards. 35 cents. 

Hart's School Manual of Classic Music. Contains portraits, sketches of the lives 
of and selections from the great masters. Boards. Octavo. $1.00. 

Pray'S Motion Songs. For primary and intermediate grades. Contains sixty pleasing 
songs, with gestures indicated. Boards. Illustrated. 40 cents. 

Supplementary Music for Public Schools. Eight page numbers, 3 cents. Twelve 

page numbers, 4 cents. Sixteen page numbers, 5 cents. Send for cotnplete list. 

Thomas's Modulator. A chant, 34 x 45 inches, mounted on rollers. Gives the nine 
keys. 75 cents. 

Whittlesey and Jamieson's Harmony in Praise. A collection of Hymns with 

responsive Biblical selections, for college and school chapel exercises and for families. 
Cloth. Octavo. 75 cents. 

Wilson's Infant School Drill. Exercises, with music, for the healthy development 
of the body. 32 pages. Square 8vo. Illustrated. Limp cloth. 25 cents. 

Descriptive circulars and full information free on request. Correspondence is invited. 

D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston,New York,Chicago 



^U. 



Drawing and Manual Training. 

Thompson's New Short Course in Drawing, a practical, well-balanced sys- 

tern, based on correct principles. Can be taught by the ordinary teacher and learned by 
the ordinary pupil. Books I-IV, 6x9 inches, per dozen, #1.20. Books V-VIII, gx 12 
inches, per dozen, ^1.75. Manual to Books I-IV, 40 cts. Manual to Books V-VIII, 
40 cts. Two-Book Course: Book A, per dozen, $1.20; Book B, per dozen, $1.75,' 
Manual, 40 cts. 

Thompson's -Esthetic Series of Drawing. This series includes the study of 

Historical Ornament and Decorative Design. Book I treats of Eg}'ptian art; Book II, 
Greek ; Book III, Roman ; Book IV, Byzantine ; Book V, Moorish ; Book VI, Gothic. 
Per dozen, $1.50. Manual, 60 cents. 

Thompson's Educational and Industrial Drawing. 

Primar}^ Free-Hand Series (Nos. 1-4). Each No., per doz., ^i.oo. Manual, 40 cts. 

Advanced Free-Hand Series (Nos. 5-8.) Each No., per doz., $1.50. 

Model and Object Series (Nos. 1-3). Each No., per doz., $1.75. Manual, 35 cts. 

Mechanical Series (Nos. 1-6). Each No., per doz., $2.00. Manual, 75 cts. 
Thompson's Manual Training No. I. Clay modeling, stick laying, paper folding, 

color and construction of geometrical solids. Illus. 66 pp. 25 cts. 
Thompson's Manual Training No. 2. Mechanical drawing, day modelling, 

color, wood carving. Illus. 70 pp. 25 cts. 
Thompson's Drawing Tablets. Four Tablets, wdth drawing exercises and practice 

paper, for use in the earlier grades. Each No., per doz., $1.20. 
Drawing Models. Individual sets and class sets of models are made to accompany 

several of the different series in the Thompson Drawing Courses. Descriptive circulars 

free on request. 

Anthony's Mechanical Drawing. 98 pages of text, and 32 folding plates. ^1.50. 
Anthony's Machine Drawing. 65 pages of text, and 18 folding plates. ^1.50. 
Anthony's Essentials of Gearing. 84 pages of text, and 15 folding plates, ^1.50. 
Daniels's Freehand Lettering. 34 pages of text, and 13 folding plates. 75 cts. 

Johnson's Lessons in Needlework. Gives, with illustrations, full directions for 
work during six grades. 117 pages. Square 8vo. Cloth, ^i.oo. Boards, 60 cts. 

Lunt's Brushwork for Kindergarten and Primary Schools. Eighteen lesson 

cards in colors, with teacher's pamphlet, in envelope. 25 cts. 

Seidel's Industrial Instruction (Smith), a refutation of all objections raised against 
industrial instruction. 170 pages. 90 cents. 

Waldo's Descriptive Geometry. a large number of problems systematically ar- 
ranged, with suggestions. 85 pages. 80 cents. 

Whitaker's How to use Woodworking Tools. Lessons in the uses of the 

hammer, knife, plane, rule, square, gauge, chisel, saw and auger. 104 pages. 60 cents. 

Woodward's Manual Training School. Its aims, methods and results; with 

detailed courses of instruction in shop-work. Illustrated. 374 pages. Octavo. ^2.00. 

Sent postpaid by mail on receipt of price. 

D.C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago 



II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 
X. 

XI. 

XII. 
Xlll. 

XIV. 
XV. 

XVI. 

XVII. 
XVIIL 

XIX. 

XX. 

XXI. 
XXII. 

XXIII. 
XXIV. 
XXV. 

XXVI. 

XXVII. 
XXVIII. 

XXIX. 
XXX. 

XXXI. 

XXXII. 
XXXIII. 



Heath's Pedagogical Library 



Compajrr^'S History of Pedagogy. " The best and most comprehensive his- 
tory of Education in English." — Dr. G. S. Hall $1.75. 
Compayre's Lectures on Teaching. " The best book in existence on theory 

and practice. " — Pres. MacAlister, Drexel Institute. $1.75. 
Compayrd ' s Psychology Applied to Education . 90 cts. 
Rousseau's Emile. " Perhaps the most influential book ever written on the 

subject of education." — R. H. Quick. 90 cts. ; paper, 25 cts. 
Peabody's Lectures to Kindergartners. Illustrated. $1.00. 
Pestalozzi's Leonard and Gertrude. Illustrated. 90 cts. ; paper, 25 cts, 
Radestock's Habit in Education. 75 cts. 
Rosmini's Method in Education. "The most important pedagogical work 

ever written." — Thomas Davidson. $1.50. 
Hall's Bibliography of Education. Covers every department. $1.50. 
Gill's Systems of Education. $1.25. 
De Garmo'S Essentials of Method. A practical exposition of methods with 

illustrative outlines of common school studies. 65 cts. 
Malleson's Early Training of Children, 75 cts.; paper, 25 cts. 
Hall's Methods of Teaching History. A collection of papers by leading edu- 

cators. $1.50. 
Newsholme's School Hygiene. 75 cts. ; paper, 25 cts. 
De Garmo'S Lindner's Psychology. The best manual ever prepared from the 

Herbartian standpoint. $1.00. 
Lange'S Apperception. The most popular monograph ors psychology and 

pedagogy that has as yet appeared. $1.00. 
Methods of Teaching Modern Languages. 90 cts. 
Felkin's Herbart's Introduction to the Science and Practice of Education. 

With an introduction by Oscar Browning. $1.00. 
Herbart's Science of Education. Includes a translation of the Allgemeine 

Padagogik. % i .00. 

Herford's Student's FroebeL 75 cts. 

Sanford's Laboratory Course in Physiological Psychology. 90 cts. 

Tracy's Psychology of Childhood. The first treatise covering in a scientific 

manner the whole field of child psychology. 90 cts. 
Ufer'8 Introduction to the Pedagogy of Herbart. 90 cts. 
Munroe's Educational Ideal. A brief history of education. $1.00. 
Lukens's The Connection between Thought and Memory. Based on 

Dorpfeld's Denke^i tind Gedachtnis. $1.00. 

English in American Universities. Papers by professors in twenty represen- 
tative institutions. $1.00. 

Comenius's The School of Infancy. $1.00. 

Russell's Child Observations. First Series: Imitation and Allied Activities. 
$1.50. 

Lefevre's Number and its Algebra. $1.25. 

Sheldon-Barnes's Studies in Historical Method. Method as determined by 
the nature of history and the aim of its study. 90 cts. 

Adams's The Herbartian Psychology Applied to Education. A series of es- 
says in touch with present needs. $1.00. 

Roger Ascham's The Scholemaster. $1.25. 

Thompson's Day Dreams of a Schoolmaster. $1.25. 

Richter's Levana; or, The Doctrine of Education. "A spirited and 
scholarly book." — Prof. W. H. Payne. $1.40. 



Sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price. 



D.C. HEATH & CO.,Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago 



DEC 4 «900 



II' 



i 






LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



009 760 787 4 



fili|| Ijii ii ^_ 009 76 

■''■■'lilfiliii .ill lii liiii i nl^ 





ii 



liilli 

1 



iiiii 



ijiaiiiiJM^^^^^^^^^^ 



iiillli 



